Evidence for gravitational self-lensing of the central supermassive black hole binary in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1566

TL;DR

This paper presents evidence suggesting the detection of a supermassive black hole binary in galaxy NGC 1566 through a microlensing event, indicating a possible method to identify such binaries in active galactic nuclei.

Contribution

It reports the potential first detection of a supermassive black hole binary via gravitational self-lensing in an active galaxy, using long-term observational data and modeling.

Findings

Detected a microlensing outburst lasting 155 days.

Inferred a black hole binary with a 5×10^5 solar mass lens.

Indicated the lens orbits between broad and narrow line regions.

Abstract

It is generally accepted that all massive galaxies host supermassive black holes (BHs) in their center and that mergers of two galaxies lead to the formation of BH binaries. The most interesting among them comprise the mergers in their final state, that is to say with parsec (3.2 light years) or sub-parsec orbital separations. It is possible to detect these systems with binary self-lensing. Here we report the potential detection of a central supermassive BH binary in the active galaxy (AGN) NGC1566 based on a microlensing outburst. The light curve of the outburst - based on observations with the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae - lasted from the beginning of 2017 until the beginning of 2020. The steep symmetric light curve as well as its shape look very different with respect to normal random variations in AGN. However, the observations could be easily reproduced with a best-fit standard microlensing light curve. Based on the light curve, we derived a characteristic timescale of 155 days. During the outburst, the continuum as well as the broad line intensities varied; however, the narrow emission lines did not. This is an indication that the lensing object orbits the AGN nucleus between the broad line region (BLR) and the narrow line region (NLR), that is, at a distance on the order of 250 light days. The light curve can be reproduced by a lens with a BH mass of 5*10^{5} M_solar. This implies a mass ratio to the central AGN on the order of 1 to 10.