Convergent-beam attosecond X-ray crystallography

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel convergent-beam X-ray crystallography method using attosecond pulses and dispersive optics to achieve sub-femtosecond temporal resolution, enabling direct observation of ultrafast molecular electronic dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a new approach combining high-power attosecond X-ray pulses with dispersive optics to encode time into diffraction patterns with deep sub-femtosecond precision.

Findings

Demonstrated experimental sampling of diffraction patterns with femtosecond resolution.

Showed increased observable reflections for small molecule crystals.

Proposed method enhances speed and accuracy of serial crystallography.

Abstract

Sub-angstrom spatial resolution of electron density coupled with sub-femtosecond temporal resolution is required to directly observe the dynamics of the electronic structure of a molecule after photoinitiation or some other ultrafast perturbation. Meeting this challenge, pushing the field of quantum crystallography to attosecond timescales, would bring insights into how the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom couple, enable the study of quantum coherences involved in molecular dynamics, and ultimately enable these dynamics to be controlled. Here we propose to reach this realm by employing convergent-beam X-ray crystallography with high-power attosecond pulses from a hard-X-ray free-electron laser. We show that with dispersive optics, such as multilayer Laue lenses of high numerical aperture, it becomes possible to encode time into the resulting diffraction pattern with deep sub-femtosecond precision. Each snapshot diffraction pattern consists of Bragg streaks that can be mapped back to arrival times and positions of X-rays on the face of a crystal. This can span tens of femtoseconds, and can be finely sampled as we demonstrate experimentally. The approach brings several other advantages, such as an increase of the number of observable reflections in a snapshot diffraction pattern, all fully integrated, to improve the speed and accuracy of serial crystallography -- especially for crystals of small molecules.