Properties of a trapped multiple-species bosonic mixture at the infinite-particle-number limit: A solvable model

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a solvable model of a multi-species Bose-Einstein condensate mixture at the infinite-particle limit, revealing that all species are fully condensed but still exhibit correlations and entanglement that depend on the number of species.

Contribution

It provides an exact analytical solution for the properties of multi-species bosonic mixtures at the infinite-particle limit, including correlations and entanglement, which were not previously characterized.

Findings

All species are 100% condensed at the infinite-particle limit.

Correlation energy and depletion depend critically on the number of species.

Maximum interspecies entanglement occurs at three species, P=3.

Abstract

We investigate a trapped mixture of Bose-Einstein condensates consisting of a multiple number of P species using an exactly-solvable many-body model, the $P$-species harmonic-interaction model. The solution is facilitated by utilizing a double set of Jacoby coordinates. A scheme to integrate the all-particle density matrix is derived and implemented. Of particular interest is the infinite-particle-number limit, which is obtained when the numbers of bosons are taken to infinity while keeping the interaction parameters fixed. We first prove that at the infinite-particle-number limit {\it all} the species are $100\%$ condensed. The mean-field solution of the $P$-species mixture is also obtained analytically, and is used to show that the energy per particle and densities per particle computed at the many-body level of theory boil down to their mean-field counterparts. Despite these, correlations in the mixture exist at the infinite-particle-number limit. To this end, we obtain closed-form expressions for the correlation energy and the depletion of the species at the infinite-particle-number limit. The depletion and the correlation energy per species are shown to critically depend on the number of species. Of separate interest is the entanglement between one species of bosons and the other $P-1$ species. Interestingly, there is an optimal number of species, here $P=3$, where the entanglement is maximal. Importantly, the manifestation of this interspecies entanglement in an observable is possible. It is the position-momentum uncertainty product of one species in the presence of the other $P-1$ species which is derived and demonstrated to correlate with the interspecies entanglement. All in all, we show and explain how correlations at the infinite-particle-number limit of a trapped multiple-species bosonic mixture depend on the interactions, and how they evolve with the number of species.