Evaluating probabilistic and data-driven inference models for fiber-coupled NV-diamond temperature sensors

TL;DR

This paper compares probabilistic and data-driven inference models for fiber-coupled NV-diamond temperature sensors, showing the probabilistic model's superior robustness and uncertainty estimation, especially in extrapolation scenarios.

Contribution

It introduces a probabilistic inference model for ODMR-based temperature sensing and benchmarks it against data-driven methods, highlighting its robustness in extrapolation.

Findings

Probabilistic model achieves ±1 K uncertainty across 243-323 K.

Data-driven methods have lower uncertainties within the training range.

Probabilistic model outperforms in extrapolation beyond training data.

Abstract

We evaluate the impact of inference model on uncertainties when using continuous wave Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) measurements to infer temperature. Our approach leverages a probabilistic feedforward inference model designed to maximize the likelihood of observed ODMR spectra through automatic differentiation. This model effectively utilizes the temperature dependence of spin Hamiltonian parameters to infer temperature from spectral features in the ODMR data. We achieve prediction uncertainty of $\pm$ 1 K across a temperature range of 243 K to 323 K. To benchmark our probabilistic model, we compare it with a non-parametric peak-finding technique and data-driven methodologies such as Principal Component Regression (PCR) and a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We find that when validated against out-of-sample dataset that encompasses the same temperature range as the training dataset, data driven methods can show uncertainties that are as much as 0.67 K lower without incorporating expert-level understanding of the spectroscopic-temperature relationship. However, our results show that the probabilistic model outperforms both PCR and CNN when tasked with extrapolating beyond the temperature range used in training set, indicating robustness and generalizability. In contrast, data-driven methods like PCR and CNN demonstrate up to ten times worse uncertainties when tasked with extrapolating outside their training data range.