Dressed atom revisited: Hamiltonian-independent treatment of the radiative cascade

TL;DR

This paper revisits the dressed atom approach to analyze the radiative cascade without relying on the Hamiltonian, providing a general framework applicable beyond the rotating-wave approximation, especially for complex atom-light interactions.

Contribution

It develops a Hamiltonian-independent method to describe the steady-state radiative cascade, applicable to arbitrary atom-laser dynamics and conditions where the rotating-wave approximation fails.

Findings

Clarifies conditions for dressed state transition descriptions

Provides guidelines for photon emission properties in complex systems

Applies results to systems with permanent dipole moments

Abstract

The dressed atom approach provides a tool to investigate the dynamics of an atom-laser system by fully retaining the quantum nature of the coherent mode. In its standard derivation, the internal atom-laser evolution is described within the rotating-wave approximation, which determines a doublet structure of the spectrum and the peculiar fluorescence triplet in the steady state. However, the rotating wave approximation may fail to apply to atomic systems subject to femtosecond light pulses, light-matter systems in the strong-coupling regime or sustaining permanent dipole moments. This work aims to demonstrate how the general features of the steady-state radiative cascade are affected by the interaction of the dressed atom with propagating radiation modes. Rather than focusing on a specific model, we analyze how these features depend on the parameters characterizing the dressed eigenstates in arbitrary atom-laser dynamics, given that a set of general hypotheses is satisfied. Our findings clarify the general conditions in which a description of the radiative cascade in terms of transition between dressed states is self-consistent. We provide a guideline to determine the properties of photon emission for any atom-laser interaction model, which can be particularly relevant when the model should be tailored to enhance a specific line. We apply the general results to the case in which a permanent dipole moment is a source of low-energy emission, whose frequency is of the order of the Rabi coupling.