Numerical simulations of temperature anisotropy instabilities stimulated by suprathermal protons

TL;DR

This study uses hybrid simulations to explore how suprathermal protons influence temperature anisotropy instabilities, confirming their significant role in space plasma dynamics and wave-particle interactions.

Contribution

It demonstrates through simulations that suprathermal protons enhance wave fluctuations and accelerate anisotropy relaxation in EMIC and PFH instabilities, extending understanding of space plasma behavior.

Findings

Suprathermal protons increase energy density of wave fluctuations.

Wave fluctuations cause faster relaxation of temperature anisotropy.

Results align with linear theory predictions.

Abstract

The new in situ measurements of the Solar Orbiter mission contribute to the knowledge of the suprathermal populations in the solar wind, especially of ions and protons whose characterization, although still in the early phase, seems to suggest a major involvement in the interaction with plasma wave fluctuations. Recent studies point to the stimulating effect of suprathermal populations on temperature anisotropy instabilities in the case of electrons already being demonstrated in theory and numerical simulations. Here, we investigate anisotropic protons, addressing the electromagnetic ion-cyclotron (EMIC) and the proton firehose (PFH) instabilities. Suprathermal populations enhance the high-energy tails of the Kappa velocity (or energy) distributions measured in situ, enabling characterization by contrasting to the quasi-thermal population in the low-energy (bi-)Maxwellian core. We use hybrid simulations to investigate the two instabilities (with ions or protons as particles and electrons as fluid) for various configurations relevant to the solar wind and terrestrial magnetosphere. The new simulation results confirm the linear theory and its predictions. In the presence of suprathermal protons, the wave fluctuations reach increased energy density levels for both instabilities and cause faster and/or deeper relaxation of temperature anisotropy. The magnitude of suprathermal effects also depends on each instability's specific (initial) parametric regimes. These results further strengthen the belief that wave-particle interactions govern space plasmas. These provide valuable clues for understanding their dynamics, particularly the involvement of suprathermal particles behind the quasi-stationary non-equilibrium states reported by in situ observations.