Thermal leptogenesis, dark matter, and gravitational waves from an extended canonical seesaw scenario

TL;DR

This paper proposes a low-scale thermal leptogenesis model with gravitational wave signatures by extending the canonical type-I seesaw with additional singlet fermions, scalars, and symmetries, leading to observable gravitational waves and dark matter candidates.

Contribution

It introduces a novel extended seesaw framework that lowers the leptogenesis scale and predicts gravitational wave signals from domain wall disappearance.

Findings

Leptogenesis scale lowered to ~2 x 10^6 GeV.

Predicts gravitational wave signatures detectable by LISA, DECIGO, and μAres.

Provides a dark matter candidate via singlet-doublet Majorana fermion.

Abstract

In a canonical type-I seesaw scenario, the Standard Model is extended with three singlet right-handed neutrinos (RHNs) $N_i, i=1,2,3$ with masses $M_i, i=1,2,3$ to simultaneously explain sub-eV masses of light neutrinos and baryon asymmetry of the Universe at high scales. In this paper, we show that a relatively low-scale thermal leptogenesis accompanied by gravitational wave signatures is possible when the type-I seesaw is extended with a singlet fermion ($S$) and a singlet scalar ($\rho$), where $S$ and $\rho$ are odd under a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry. We also add a vectorlike fermion doublet $\Psi$ and impose a $Z^\prime_2$ symmetry under which both $N_1$ and $\Psi$ are odd while all other particles are even. This gives rise to a singlet-doublet Majorana fermion dark matter in our setup. At a high scale, the $Z_2$ symmetry is broken spontaneously by the vacuum expectation value of $\rho$ and leads to (i) mixing between RHNs ($N_2, N_3$) and $S$, and (ii) formation of Domain walls (DWs). In the former case, the final lepton asymmetry is generated by the out-of-equilibrium decay of $S$, which dominantly mixes with $N_2$. We show that the scale of thermal leptogenesis can be lowered to $M_S \sim 2 \times 10^6$ GeV, which is \textit{3} orders of magnitude lower than the thermal leptogenesis in canonical type-I seesaw. In the latter case, the disappearance of the DWs gives observable gravitational wave signatures, which can be probed at LISA, DECIGO, ${\rm \mu ARES}$ etc.