Magnetic hardness of hexagonal and orthorhombic Fe$_{3}$C, Co$_{3}$C, (Fe-Co)$_{3}$C, and their alloys with boron, nitrogen, and transition metals: A first-principles study

TL;DR

This study uses first-principles calculations to analyze the magnetic properties of various Fe, Co, and alloy compounds, identifying promising materials for hard magnetic applications and exploring the effects of element substitution on magnetic hardness.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive first-principles analysis of magnetic properties across a wide range of Fe-Co-C-based alloys, highlighting new insights into the effects of alloying and element substitution on magnetic hardness.

Findings

Orthorhombic Co$_3$C is promising for hard magnets.

Substituting transition metals does not enhance permanent magnet potential.

Boron substitution in Co$_3$(B-C-N) raises Curie temperature and stability.

Abstract

In this study, we considered a large set of materials that are closely related to orthorhombic Fe$_3$C (cementite) with the aim of characterizing trends in their intrinsic magnetic properties and identifying alloys that are optimal for applications. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the full concentration ranges of hexagonal ($\epsilon$) and orthorhombic ($\theta$) phases of (Fe-Co)$_3$C, (Fe-Co)$_3$(B-C), (Fe-Co)$_3$(C-N), and their alloys with 3$d$, 4$d$ and 5$d$ transition metals. The calculations were performed using the density functional theory implemented in the full-potential local-orbital code (FPLO). Calculated properties included formation energies, Curie temperatures, magnetic moments, magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies (MAE), and magnetic hardnesses. The considered compositions exhibit a range of magnetic properties, including soft, semi-hard, and hard magnetic. The materials most promising for hard-magnetic applications are orthorhombic Co$_3$C compound, together with selected Co-rich orthorhombic (Fe,Co)$_3$C and hexagonal (Fe,Co)$_3$C alloys. The calculation results do not indicate that substituting with transition metals increases the potential of the alloys for permanent magnet applications. A significant drawback of alloying orthorhombic $\theta$-Fe$_3$C (cementite) with transition metals is the notable decline in the Curie temperature. We found that a considerable proportion of the orthorhombic Co$_3$(B-C-N) alloys are magnetically hard, of which boron substitution raises the Curie temperature and improves stability. By mapping the dependence of MAE on the concentration of elements covering both the 3$d$ (from Fe to Co) and 2$p$ (from B, through C, to N) positions, we have demonstrated for the first time the near isoelectronic nature of MAE. The latter observation may be particularly useful in designing compositions of new magnetically hard materials.