Modelling the effect of antibody depletion on dose-response behavior for common immunostaining protocols

TL;DR

This paper develops analytical models to understand how antibody depletion affects dose-response curves in immunostaining, extending traditional models to account for non-equilibrium and heterogeneous epitope landscapes.

Contribution

It introduces a novel depletion accumulation model, proves solution properties for heterogeneous landscapes, and provides bounds to characterize depletion effects in immunostaining.

Findings

Analytical solution for homogeneous epitope landscapes.

Derived inequalities between models to characterize depletion.

Proved existence and uniqueness of solutions for heterogeneous landscapes.

Abstract

Antibody binding properties for immunostaining applications are often characterized by dose-response curves, which describe the amount of bound antibodies as a function of the antibody concentration applied at the beginning of the experiment. A common model for the dose-response curve is the Langmuir isotherm, which assumes an equilibrium between the binding and unbinding of antibodies. However, for common immunostaining protocols, the equilibrium assumption is violated, and the dose-response behavior is governed by an accumulation of permanently bound antibodies. Assuming a constant antibody concentration, the resulting accumulation model can easily be solved analytically. However, in many experimental setups the overall amount of antibodies is fixed, such that antibody binding reduces the concentration of free antibodies. Solving the corresponding depletion accumulation model is more difficult and seems to be impossible for heterogeneous epitope landscapes. In this paper, we first solve the depletion-free accumulation model analytically for a homogeneous epitope landscape. From the obtained solution, we derive inequalities between the depletion-free accumulation model, the depletion accumulation model, and the Langmuir isotherm. This allows us to characterize the depletion effect for homogeneous epitope landscapes. Next, we generalize the problem to heterogeneous epitope landscapes, where we prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution that behaves as expected from the experimental setting. These natural properties define bounds for the depletion accumulation model. We conclude this paper by applying the bounds to characterize the depletion effect for heterogeneous epitope landscapes.