Structure, magnetic properties, and cycloidal spin ordering in Nd-doped BiFeO$_3$ synthesized by sol-gel method

TL;DR

This study investigates how Nd doping affects the structure, magnetic properties, and cycloidal spin order in BiFeO3, revealing a structural transition and emergence of weak ferromagnetism with increased Nd content.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the structural and magnetic changes in Nd-doped BiFeO3 synthesized via sol-gel, including the transformation from rhombohedral to orthorhombic phases and the suppression of cycloidal spin order.

Findings

Nanomaterials with grain size < 100 nm were produced.

Structural transition from R3c to Pbam symmetry was observed.

Weak ferromagnetism emerged with increased Nd doping.

Abstract

In this study, the structural and magnetic properties of Nd-doped BiFeO$_3$ materials with the formula Bi$_{1-x}$Nd$_x$FeO$_3$ $(x = 0 - 0.2)$ were investigated. Samples were prepared using the sol-gel method and annealed at 823 K for 4 hours. Microstructural studies indicated that nanomaterials with an average grain size of less than 100 nm were produced, with the smallest grain size observed for the solid solution with $x = 0.15$. Rietveld analysis of diffraction patterns revealed a composition-driven transformation from the rhombohedral $(R3c)$ lattice to the orthorhombic $(Pbam)$ structure. The above finding is correlated to M\"ossbauer spectroscopy data, which demonstrated the gradual destruction of the spin cycloid due to the structural transformation to the $Pbam$ structure. The spectra were analyzed using a complex hyperfine magnetic field distribution model reflecting cycloidal spin ordering. Scanning differential calorimetry revealed that for the investigated materials the magnetic ordering temperatures are close to 640 K, independently from the Nd concentration. Magnetic measurements showed the emergence of weak ferromagnetic properties with increasing Nd ions concentration, consistently with M\"ossbauer spectroscopy data.