A Bottom-Up Approach to Black Hole Microstates

TL;DR

This paper presents a bulk perspective on black hole microstates, demonstrating the emergence of the Hartle-Hawking correlator and quantum horizon features in the large-N limit, highlighting a structural distinction from thermal systems.

Contribution

It introduces a bottom-up bulk approach to black hole microstates, showing emergent horizon correlators and quantum horizon mechanisms within a large-N framework.

Findings

Bulk Hartle-Hawking correlator emerges in large-N limit

Quantum horizon acts as a proxy for UV-complete description

Smooth horizon behavior during a Page window

Abstract

In arXiv:2312.14108, we argued that a sliver at the black hole mass in the Hilbert space of a quantum field theory on an AdS black hole with a stretched horizon, has many desirable features of black hole microstates. A key observation is that the stretched horizon requires a finite Planck length, i.e., finite-$N$. Therefore it is best viewed as a ``quantum horizon" -- a proxy for the UV-complete bulk description, and not directly an element in the bulk EFT. It was shown in arXiv:2312.14108 that despite the manifest absence of the interior, the 2-point function in the sliver is indistinguishable from the smooth horizon correlator, up to the Page time. In this paper, instead of boundary correlators, we work directly in the bulk, and demonstrate the appearance of the bulk Hartle-Hawking correlator in the large-$N$ limit. This is instructive because it shows that the analytic continuation across the horizon is emergent. It is a $bulk$ transition to a Type III algebra and provides a structural distinction between black holes and weakly coupled thermal systems. We also identify a mechanism for universal code subspaces and interior tensor factors to appear via a quantum horizon version of thermal factorization. Our claims apply directly only within a ``Page window", so they are not in immediate tension with firewall arguments. During a Page window, typical heavy microstates probed by light single trace operators respond with effectively smooth horizons in low-point correlators. We work in 2+1 dimensions to be concrete, but expect our results to hold in all higher dimensions. We discuss some important differences between our approach and the conventional fuzzball program, and also argue that probe-notions (like infalling boundary conditions) must be distinguished from microstate-notions (like size of the Einstein-Rosen bridge) to make meaningful statements about post-Page smoothness.