Mechanistic Origins of Yielding in Hybrid Double Network Hydrogels

TL;DR

This study investigates the yielding mechanisms in hybrid double-network hydrogels, revealing a two-step process driven by interactions within and between the polymer networks, with implications for designing tougher soft materials.

Contribution

The paper systematically analyzes how intra- and inter-network interactions influence yielding in double-network hydrogels using rheology, providing new insights into their mechanical behavior.

Findings

Hybrid hydrogels exhibit two-step yielding behavior.

Intermolecular interactions govern the first yielding stage.

Transient network micro-structural changes drive the second stage.

Abstract

Hybrid double-network hydrogels are a class of material that comprise transiently and permanently crosslinked polymer networks and exhibit an enhanced toughness that is believed to be governed by the yielding of the transient polymer network. The precise role of the two polymer networks in this yielding transition and their interplay remains an open question that we address here through constructing a series of hydrogel designs in which the interaction within and between the two polymer networks are systematically inhibited or enhanced. We characterise each of the hydrogel designs using large amplitude oscillatory shear rheology (LAOS). Inspecting yielding through elastic stress across hydrogel designs, we elucidate that the hybrid double-network hydrogel exhibits a two-step yielding behaviour that originates from to the presence of transient crosslinks. Examining the rheological response within each oscillatory cycle and across the hydrogel designs, we show that the micro-structural changes in the transient network are crucial in the second stage of this yielding. We surmise that the first step of yielding is determined by the intermolecular interactions between the two polymer networks by systematically altering the strength of the interactions. These interactions also influence the second step of yielding, which we show is governed by the transient intermolecular interactions within the polymer networks. Our study therefore reveals that the interactions between the polymer networks are as crucial as within the polymer networks and therefore provides insights into how the yielding mechanisms in soft composite materials can be identified, adjusted, and controlled.