Scalaron dark matter and the thermal history of the universe

TL;DR

This paper refines the understanding of scalaron dark matter production during the universe's thermal history, showing that a smooth electroweak crossover still excites scalaron oscillations, with trace anomaly effects being negligible.

Contribution

It provides a more accurate analysis of scalaron evolution during the electroweak crossover, accounting for a smooth transition and quantum chromodynamics effects, confirming previous qualitative results.

Findings

Scalaron oscillations are excited during a smooth electroweak crossover.

Trace anomaly shifts the scalaron's equilibrium but does not affect oscillation dynamics.

Scalaron remains a viable dark matter candidate in the specified mass range.

Abstract

In metric $f(R)$ gravity minimally coupled to the Standard Model, the scalaron field can act as a dark-matter candidate if its mass lies in the range $\text{meV} \lesssim m \lesssim \text{MeV}$. The evolution of the scalaron is influenced by the trace of the stress-energy tensor, whose behaviour, as shown in our previous work, becomes non-adiabatic during the electroweak crossover, potentially triggering scalaron oscillations. While we previously approximated this crossover as a second-order phase transition at the one-loop level, the transition is actually smoother. In this paper, we refine our analysis to account for this smooth crossover and show that scalaron oscillations are still excited in a qualitatively similar manner, driven by the rapid dynamics of the electroweak crossover observed in numerical lattice simulations, provided the scalaron mass is sufficiently small. We also investigate the time-dependent contribution to the stress-energy trace due to the trace anomaly of quantum chromodynamics. Our results indicate that, while the trace anomaly shifts the scalaron's equilibrium value, this shift evolves adiabatically compared to the fast oscillations of the scalaron, meaning that the trace anomaly does not significantly affect the potential cosmological scenarios for scalaron evolution.