Virtual Reality-Based Preoperative Planning for Optimized Trocar Placement in Thoracic Surgery: A Preliminary Study

TL;DR

This paper introduces a virtual reality tool designed to assist surgeons in preoperative planning for trocar placement in thoracic surgery, aiming to improve efficiency and outcomes.

Contribution

It presents the first VR-based preoperative planning system tailored for VATS trocar placement, integrating established surgical principles and user interaction design.

Findings

System is efficient and robust in planning trocar placement.

Preliminary user study shows system is user-friendly.

Potential to improve surgical planning and reduce operative time.

Abstract

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is a minimally invasive approach for treating early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Optimal trocar placement during VATS ensures comprehensive access to the thoracic cavity, provides a panoramic endoscopic view, and prevents instrument crowding. While established principles such as the Baseball Diamond Principle (BDP) and Triangle Target Principle (TTP) exist, surgeons mainly rely on experience and patient-specific anatomy for trocar placement, potentially leading to sub-optimal surgical plans that increase operative time and fatigue. To address this, we present the first virtual reality (VR)-based pre-operative planning tool with tailored data visualization and interaction designs for efficient and optimal VATS trocar placement, following the established surgical principles and consultation with an experienced surgeon. In our preliminary study, we demonstrate the system's application in right upper lung lobectomy, a common thoracic procedure typically using three trocars. A preliminary user study of our system indicates it is efficient, robust, and user-friendly for planning optimal trocar placement, with a great promise for clinical application while offering potentially valuable insights for the development of other surgical VR systems.