Twin electroweak bubble nucleation and gravitational wave under the $S_3$ symmetry of two-Higgs-doublet model

TL;DR

This paper investigates twin bubble nucleation during electroweak phase transition in a two-Higgs-doublet model with $S_3$ symmetry, analyzing gravitational wave signals potentially detectable by future experiments.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed calculation of twin bubble nucleation and gravitational wave production in the two-Higgs-doublet model with $S_3$ symmetry, highlighting the impact of model parameters.

Findings

Twin bubble nucleation structure influences gravitational wave signals.

Gravitational wave energy density peaks at $10^{-12}-10^{-11}$ in the 0-1.2 mHz range.

Larger charged Higgs masses increase gravitational wave energy density.

Abstract

Sphaleron electroweak phase transition (EWPT) is calculated in two phase transition stages, thereby showing that the twin (or double) bubble nucleation structure of the phase transition and gravitational wave is in the investigation area of future detectors. With $v^2=v^2_1+v^2_2$ ($v_1$ and $v_2$ are two vacuum average values (VEV)) and $a=v^2/v_2^2$ which affects the expansion of bubbles during two phase transitions. The more $a$ increases, the more the expansion of two bubbles is at the same time. This ratio does not greatly affect the sphaleron energy but has an impact on gravitational waves. The larger the masses of the charged Higgs particles are, the greater the gravitational wave energy density ($\Omega h^2$) is. When the frequency is in the range $0-1.2$ mHz, $\Omega h^2$ will has a maximum value in the range $10^{-12}-10^{-11}$ for all values of $a$ so this can be detected in the future.