Sphaleron and gravitational wave with the Higgs-Dilaton potential in the Standard Model Two-Time Physics

TL;DR

This paper explores how a Higgs-Dilaton potential within a 2T physics framework induces a first order electroweak phase transition, predicts sphaleron energy, and estimates gravitational wave signals potentially detectable by future observatories.

Contribution

It introduces a Higgs-Dilaton potential in the 2T model to trigger a first order electroweak phase transition and analyzes its implications for gravitational wave detection.

Findings

Transition strength differences with/without daisy loops are minimal (<0.2)

Sphaleron energy is below 8.4 TeV

Transition timescale (β/H*) ranges from 25 to 34

Abstract

By introducing a Higgs-Dilaton potential, the 2T model has a trigger for a first order electroweak phase transition, namely for the mass of Dilaton between $300 $ GeV and $550$ GeV. We have also compared the transition strengths in the case with and without daisy loops, the difference being always less than $0.2$. The effective Higgs potential has given a sphaleron energy less than $8.4$ TeV. The timescale of phase transition $(\beta/H^*)$ is larger than $25$ and less than $34$ in all cases that are sufficient to trigger the first order electroweak phase transition. Gravitational wave energy density caused by this transition, may be detected by future detectors, could indirectly confirm Dilaton.