CCAT: Nonlinear effects in 280 GHz aluminum kinetic inductance detectors

TL;DR

This paper investigates the nonlinear effects in 280 GHz aluminum kinetic inductance detectors used in Prime-Cam, focusing on how these nonlinearities distort resonator line shapes and affect detector performance in a large array setting.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the nonlinearities in aluminum KIDs, aiding in better modeling and tuning of large detector arrays for submillimeter astronomy.

Findings

Nonlinear effects cause significant distortions in resonator line shapes.

Understanding these nonlinearities improves detector parameter estimation.

The study helps optimize detector tuning under dynamic loading conditions.

Abstract

Prime-Cam, a first-generation science instrument for the Atacama-based Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope, is being built by the CCAT Collaboration to observe at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths using kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs). Prime-Cam's 280 GHz instrument module will deploy with two aluminum-based KID arrays and one titanium nitride-based KID array, totaling approximately 10,000 detectors at the focal plane, all of which have been fabricated and are currently undergoing testing. One complication of fielding large arrays of KIDs under dynamic loading conditions is tuning the detector tone powers to maximize signal-to-noise while avoiding bifurcation due to the nonlinear kinetic inductance. For aluminum-based KIDs, this is further complicated by additional nonlinear effects which couple tone power to resonator quality factors and resonant frequencies. While both nonequilibrium quasiparticle dynamics and two-level system fluctuations have been shown to give rise to qualitatively similar distortions, modeling these effects alongside nonlinear kinetic inductance is inefficient when fitting thousands of resonators on-sky with existing models. For this reason, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of the nonlinear effects across relevant detector loading conditions, including how they impact on on-sky noise and how to diagnose the detector's relative performance. We present a study of the competing nonlinearities seen in Prime-Cam's 280 GHz aluminum KIDs, with a particular emphasis on the resulting distortions to the resonator line shape and how these impact detector parameter estimation.