Signatures of the speed of sound on the gravitational wave power spectrum from sound waves

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how changes in the sound speed during a first-order phase transition affect the gravitational wave spectrum, providing improved predictions for future space-based detectors.

Contribution

It offers an analytic model showing the impact of a softer equation of state on the gravitational wave power spectrum from sound waves.

Findings

Softer equation of state suppresses the spectrum uniformly.

Peak frequency shifts to smaller values with softer equation of state.

Spectral indices at small and large scales remain unchanged.

Abstract

Future space-based interferometers offer an unprecedented opportunity to detect signals from the stochastic gravitational wave background originating from a first-order phase transition at the electroweak scale. The phase transition is accompanied by a change of the equation of state from that of pure radiation. In this work we study the effect of this change on the power spectrum of gravitational waves generated by the sound waves in the plasma during the acoustic phase of the transition. We carry out an analytic calculation assuming that the sound speed and the fluid shear-stress that sources tensor perturbations remain approximately constant during the acoustic phase. The effect of a softer equation of state is twofold: (i) a scale-independent suppression of the power spectrum at all scales, due to the modified propagation of both sound and gravitational waves and (ii) the peak of the spectrum moves to smaller frequencies as the equation of state becomes softer. The power-law indices of the spectrum at small and large scales are unaffected by the softening of the equation of state. Our work improves the current estimation of the gravitational waves power spectrum from first order phase transitions and expands the possible scenarios of transitions that can be tested by gravitational wave detectors.