Mix Testing: Specifying and Testing ABI Compatibility of C/C++ Atomics Implementations

TL;DR

This paper introduces mix testing, a technique for detecting compiler bugs related to ABI compatibility of C/C++ atomics when code compiled separately is combined, revealing new bugs and proposing an atomic ABI for Armv8.

Contribution

The paper presents mix testing and the atomic-mixer tool, which identify mixing bugs in compilers and validate an atomic ABI for Armv8, advancing compiler correctness and interoperability.

Findings

Reproduced a known non-mixing bug with atomic-mixer.

Discovered four new mixing bugs in LLVM and GCC.

Validated the Armv8 atomic ABI using atomic-mixer.

Abstract

The correctness of complex software depends on the correctness of both the source code and the compilers that generate corresponding binary code. Compilers must do more than preserve the semantics of a single source file: they must ensure that generated binaries can be composed with other binaries to form a final executable. The compatibility of composition is ensured using an Application Binary Interface (ABI), which specifies details of calling conventions, exception handling, and so on. Unfortunately, there are no official ABIs for concurrent programs, so different atomics mappings, although correct in isolation, may induce bugs when composed. Indeed, today, mixing binaries generated by different compilers can lead to an erroneous resulting binary. We present mix testing: a new technique designed to find compiler bugs when the instructions of a C/C++ test are separately compiled for multiple compatible architectures and then mixed together. We define a class of compiler bugs, coined mixing bugs, that arise when parts of a program are compiled separately using different mappings from C/C++ atomic operations to assembly sequences. To demonstrate the generality of mix testing, we have designed and implemented a tool, atomic-mixer, which we have used: (a) to reproduce one existing non-mixing bug that state-of-the-art concurrency testing tools are limited to being able to find (showing that atomic-mixer at least meets the capabilities of these tools), and (b) to find four previously-unknown mixing bugs in LLVM and GCC, and one prospective mixing bug in mappings proposed for the Java Virtual Machine. Lastly, we have worked with engineers at Arm to specify, for the first time, an atomics ABI for Armv8, and have used atomic-mixer to validate the LLVM and GCC compilers against it.