Magnetic helicity and energy budgets of jet events from an emerging solar active region

TL;DR

This study analyzes the magnetic helicity and energy changes in a solar active region during flux emergence, linking localized peaks to jet events, and highlighting their potential impact on the region's magnetic energy budget.

Contribution

First estimation of helicity and free magnetic energy changes associated with jets in an emerging active region, revealing their significant relative variations.

Findings

Jets are associated with localized peaks in helicity and energy budgets.

Helicity and energy changes during jets range from 13% to 76% and 9% to 57%.

Active region's overall helicity and energy were below eruption thresholds.

Abstract

Using photospheric vector magnetograms obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory and a magnetic connectivity-based method, we compute the magnetic helicity and free magnetic energy budgets of a simple bipolar solar active region (AR) during its magnetic flux emergence phase which lasted $\sim$47 hrs. The AR did not produce any coronal mass ejections (CMEs) or flares with an X-ray class above C1.0 but it was the site of 60 jet events during its flux emergence phase. The helicity and free energy budgets of the AR were below established eruption-related thresholds throughout the interval we studied. However, in addition to their slowly-varying evolution, each of the time profiles of the helicity and free energy budgets showed discrete localized peaks, with eight pairs of them occurring at times of jets emanating from the AR. These jets featured larger base areas and longer durations than the other jets of the AR. We estimated, for the first time, the helicity and free magnetic energy changes associated with these eight jets which were in the ranges of $0.5-7.1 \times 10^{40}$ Mx$^2$ and $1.1-6.9 \times 10^{29}$ erg, respectively. Although these values are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those usually associated with CMEs, the relevant percentage changes were significant and ranged from 13% to 76% for the normalized helicity and from 9% to 57% for the normalized free magnetic energy. Our study indicates that occasionally jets may have a significant imprint in the evolution of helicity and free magnetic energy budgets of emerging active regions.