Detection of the [C I] $\lambda$8727 emission line. Low-ionization structures in NGC 7009

TL;DR

This study presents the first spatially resolved detection of the [C I] $8727$ emission in NGC 7009, providing evidence that low-ionization structures are photodominated regions with implications for understanding nebular composition.

Contribution

First spatially resolved detection of [C I] $8727$ emission in NGC 7009, revealing the nature of low-ionization structures as photodominated regions.

Findings

Outer low-ionization structures show intense [C I] emission

Inner knots show both [C I] and He I lines, likely from nebula

[C I] line absent in the main nebula, indicating different origins

Abstract

We report the first spatially resolved detection of the near-infrared [C I] $\lambda$8727 emission from the outer pair of low-ionization structures in the planetary nebula NGC 7009 from data obtained by the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer integral field unit. This atomic carbon emission marks the transition zone between ionized and neutral gas, and for the first time offers direct evidence that LISs are photodominated regions. The outer LIS pair exhibits intense [C I] $\lambda$8727 emission, but He I $\lambda$8733 is absent. Conversely, the inner pair of knots shows both lines, likely due to the host nebula emission. Furthermore, the [C I] $\lambda$8727 line is absent in the host nebula emission, but He I $\lambda$8733 is present. Although the origin of the [C I] $\lambda$8727 line is still debated, its detection supports the scenario of photoevaporated dense molecular clumps.