Realization of geometric phase topology induced by multiple exceptional points

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the realization of all five classes of geometric phase topology induced by multiple exceptional points in microcavities, expanding the physical understanding and classification of non-Hermitian systems.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental realization of all five classes of three-mode systems with multiple exceptional points in a single microcavity.

Findings

All five classes of geometric phase topology can be realized with three exceptional points.

Different encircling loops lead to distinct mode exchanges and geometric phases.

The study broadens the understanding of topology induced by exceptional points in physical systems.

Abstract

Non-Hermitian systems have Riemann surface structures of complex eigenvalues that admit singularities known as exceptional points. Combining with geometric phases of eigenstates gives rise to unique properties of non-Hermitian systems, and their classifications have been studied recently. However, the physical realizations of classes of the classifications have been relatively limited because a small number of modes and exceptional points are involved. In this work, we show in microcavities that all five classes [J.-W. Ryu, et al., Commun. Phys. 7, 109 (2024)] of three modes can emerge with three exceptional points. In demonstrations, we identified various combinations of exceptional points within a two-dimensional parameter space of a single microcavity and defined five distinct encircling loops based on three selected exceptional points. According to the classification, these loops facilitate different mode exchanges and the acquisition of additional geometric phases during the adiabatic encircling of exceptional points. Our results provide a broad description of the geometric phases-associated topology induced by multiple exceptional points in realistic physical systems.