Low-cost demonstration of the Zeeman effect: From qualitative observation to quantitative experiments

TL;DR

This paper introduces a low-cost, visually accessible experiment demonstrating the Zeeman effect, suitable for educational settings, and includes quantitative analysis of magnetic field and sodium concentration effects.

Contribution

The authors present a simple, inexpensive setup for visual and quantitative demonstration of the Zeeman effect, enhancing physics education and student engagement.

Findings

Visual observation of Zeeman effect via flame shadow lightening

Quantitative analysis of magnetic field strength effects

Impact of sodium concentration on Zeeman effect demonstration

Abstract

The Zeeman effect, a fundamental quantum phenomenon, demonstrates the interaction between magnetic fields and atomic systems. While precise spectroscopic measurements of this effect have advanced significantly, there remains a lack of simple, visually accessible demonstrations for educational purposes. Here, we present a low-cost experiment that allows for direct visual observation of the Zeeman effect. Our setup involves a flame containing sodium (from table salt) placed in front of a sodium vapor lamp. When a magnetic field is applied to the flame, the shadow cast by the flame noticeably lightens, providing a clear, naked-eye demonstration of the Zeeman effect. Furthermore, we conduct two quantitative experiments using this setup, examining the effects of varying magnetic field strength and sodium concentration. This innovative approach not only enriches the experimental demonstration for teaching atomic physics at undergraduate and high school levels but also provides an open platform for students to explore the Zeeman effect through hands-on experience.