Flea on the elephant: Tidal Love numbers in subsolar primordial black hole searches

TL;DR

This paper investigates how environmental disturbances can induce detectable tidal Love numbers in primordial black holes, complicating their identification via gravitational wave signals and affecting detection sensitivity.

Contribution

It demonstrates that small perturbations can generate observable Love numbers in primordial black holes, challenging previous assumptions about their detectability and environmental effects.

Findings

Disturbances can induce measurable Love numbers in primordial black holes.

Environmental effects can reduce the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors.

Characteristic waveform signatures can indicate the presence of perturbations.

Abstract

Detecting subsolar objects in black hole binary mergers is considered a smoking gun signature of primordial black holes. Their supposedly vanishing tidal Love number is generically thought to help distinguish them from other subsolar and more deformable compact objects, such as neutron stars. We show that a large and detectable Love number of primordial black holes can be generated in the presence of even small disturbances of the system, thus potentially jeopardizing their discovery. However, such small perturbations are not tightly bound and are therefore disrupted before the mergers. We show that they leave a characteristic signature in the gravitational waveform that could be observed with current and future gravitational wave detectors. Thus, they may still hint towards the primordial nature of the black holes in the merger. Finally, we demonstrate that disregarding possible environmental effects in the matched-filter search for subsolar gravitational wave events can lead to a decreased sensitivity in the detectors.