Correct criterion of crustal failure driven by intense magnetic stress in neutron stars

TL;DR

This paper critically evaluates the criteria for crustal failure in magnetars caused by magnetic stress, demonstrating that previous approximations overestimate strain and suggesting the need for revised models to better understand magnetar outbursts.

Contribution

It introduces a correct method for calculating the shear strain tensor in magnetar crusts, challenging previous approximate approaches and highlighting their inaccuracies.

Findings

Approximate strain tensor expressions are inaccurate in magnitude and spatial profile.

Previous models likely overestimate crustal strain and underestimate failure timescale.

Revising models with the correct strain calculation is essential for understanding magnetar dynamics.

Abstract

Magnetar outbursts are powered by an intense magnetic field. The phenomenon has recently drawn significant attention because of a connection to some fast radio bursts that has been reported. Understanding magnetar outbursts may provide the key to mysterious transient events. The elastic deformation of the solid crust due to magnetic field evolution accumulates over a secular timescale. Eventually, the crust fractures or responds plastically beyond a particular threshold. Determination of the critical limit is required to obtain the shear strain tensor in response to magnetic stress. In some studies, the tensor was substituted with an approximate expression determined algebraically from the magnetic stress. This study evaluated the validity of the approximation by comparing it with the strain tensor obtained through appropriate calculations. The differential equations for the elastic deformation driven by the magnetic field were solved. The results indicated that the approximation did not represent the correct strain tensor value, both in magnitude and spatial profile. Previous evolutionary calculations based on spurious criteria are likely to overestimate the magnitude of the strain tensor, and crustal failure occurs on a shorter timescale. Therefore, revisiting evolutionary calculations using the correct approach is necessary. This study is essential for developing the dynamics of crustal fractures and the magnetic-field evolution in a magnetar.