General-Purpose Multicore Architectures

TL;DR

This paper reviews the evolution, microarchitecture, challenges, and recent trends of multicore CPU architectures, highlighting their significance in modern computing and addressing shared resource issues and performance metrics.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of multicore CPU development, including historical context, architectural details, challenges, and recent innovations, offering insights into their design and evaluation.

Findings

Multicore CPUs have become the standard in modern computing.

Shared memory resource management is a key challenge in multicore architectures.

Recent trends focus on optimizing performance and power efficiency.

Abstract

The first years of the 2000s led to an inflection point in computer architectures: while the number of available transistors on a chip continued to grow, crucial transistor scaling properties started to break down and result in increasing power consumption, while aggressive single-core performance optimizations were resulting in diminishing returns due to inherent limits in instruction-level parallelism. This led to the rise of multicore CPU architectures, which are now commonplace in modern computers at all scales. In this chapter, we discuss the evolution of multicore CPUs since their introduction. Starting with a historic overview of multiprocessing, we explore the basic microarchitecture of a multicore CPU, key challenges resulting from shared memory resources, operating system modifications to optimize multicore CPU support, popular metrics for multicore evaluation, and recent trends in multicore CPU design.