Efficient nanoscale imaging of solid-state phase transitions by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated on vanadium dioxide nanoparticles

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) is an efficient, fast, and non-destructive method for nanoscale imaging of solid-state phase transitions, exemplified by vanadium dioxide nanoparticles.

Contribution

The study introduces ADF-STEM as a low-dose, high-resolution technique for monitoring phase transitions, providing detailed lattice and electronic insights with minimal electron exposure.

Findings

ADF-STEM shows clear contrast across phase transition

Uses 3-6 orders of magnitude lower electron dose

Records full hysteresis loop of a single nanoparticle

Abstract

We present annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) as an efficient, fast, and non-destructive nanoscale tool for monitoring solid-state phase transition. Using metal-insulator transition in vanadium dioxide nanoparticles as an example, we characterize lattice and electronic signatures of the phase transition using analytical transmission electron microscopy including diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. We demonstrate that ADF-STEM shows a clear contrast across the transition, interpreted with the help of convergent electron beam diffraction as stemming from the crystal-lattice modification accompanying the transition. In addition, ADF-STEM utilizes 3--6 orders of magnitude lower electron dose when compared to electron microscopy techniques able to reveal the phase transition with the same spatial resolution and universality. The benefits of ADF-STEM are emphasized by recording a full hysteresis loop for the metal-insulator transition of a single vanadium dioxide nanoparticle. Our study opens the prospect for fast, non-destructive, large-area and nanoscale characterization of solid-state phase transitions.