VRCopilot: Authoring 3D Layouts with Generative AI Models in VR

TL;DR

VRCopilot is a mixed-initiative VR system that leverages generative AI to enhance 3D scene authoring, supporting rapid prototyping, user control, and creativity through multimodal interactions and intermediate representations.

Contribution

It introduces VRCopilot, integrating pre-trained generative AI models into immersive VR authoring to facilitate human-AI co-creation with multimodal interactions and wireframe-based control.

Findings

Wireframes improve user agency in AI-assisted creation.

Manual multimodal specification yields highest creativity and agency.

Scaffolded creation enhances user control over AI-generated content.

Abstract

Immersive authoring provides an intuitive medium for users to create 3D scenes via direct manipulation in Virtual Reality (VR). Recent advances in generative AI have enabled the automatic creation of realistic 3D layouts. However, it is unclear how capabilities of generative AI can be used in immersive authoring to support fluid interactions, user agency, and creativity. We introduce VRCopilot, a mixed-initiative system that integrates pre-trained generative AI models into immersive authoring to facilitate human-AI co-creation in VR. VRCopilot presents multimodal interactions to support rapid prototyping and iterations with AI, and intermediate representations such as wireframes to augment user controllability over the created content. Through a series of user studies, we evaluated the potential and challenges in manual, scaffolded, and automatic creation in immersive authoring. We found that scaffolded creation using wireframes enhanced the user agency compared to automatic creation. We also found that manual creation via multimodal specification offers the highest sense of creativity and agency.