Using Symmetries to Investigate the Complete Integrability, Solitary Wave Solutions and Solitons of the Gardner Equation

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how scaling symmetries can be used to analyze the integrability and solutions of the Gardner equation, revealing its rich structure and solution types, including solitons and flat waves.

Contribution

It introduces a symmetry-based method to compute integrability properties and solutions of the Gardner equation, connecting it with KdV and mKdV equations, and implements these methods in Mathematica.

Findings

Complete integrability of the Gardner equation established.

Exact solitary wave and soliton solutions derived.

Solution types depend on the sign of the cubic nonlinearity.

Abstract

Using a scaling symmetry, it is shown how to compute polynomial conservation laws, generalized symmetries, recursion operators, Lax pairs, and bilinear forms of polynomial nonlinear partial differential equations thereby establishing their complete integrability. The Gardner equation is chosen as the key example for it comprises both the Korteweg-de Vries and modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equations. The Gardner and Miura transformations which connect these equations are also computed using the concept of scaling homogeneity. Exact solitary wave solutions and solitons of the Gardner equation are derived using Hirota's method and other direct methods. The nature of these solutions depends on the sign of the cubic term in the Gardner equation and the underlying mKdV equation. It is shown that flat (table-top) waves of large amplitude only occur when the sign of the cubic nonlinearity is negative (defocusing case) whereas the focusing Gardner equation has the standard elastically colliding solitons. The paper's aim is to provide a review of integrability properties and solutions of the Gardner equation and illustrate the applicability of the scaling symmetry approach. The methods and algorithms used in this paper have been implemented in Mathematica but can be adapted for major computer algebra systems.