Density-dependent flow generation in active cytoskeletal fluids

TL;DR

This study investigates how the density of the actomyosin cytoskeleton influences flow generation, revealing a balance between viscous friction and contractile forces that leads to emergent oscillations and flow behavior.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the density-dependent mechanisms of actin flow and force generation in cytoskeletal networks, highlighting emergent oscillatory behavior.

Findings

Actin flow occurs at a critical actomyosin density.

Emergent oscillations in actin flow were observed.

Flow dynamics are governed by a balance between viscous friction and contractile force.

Abstract

The actomyosin cytoskeleton, a protein assembly comprising actin fibers and the myosin molecular motor, drives various cellular dynamics through contractile force generation at high densities. However, the relationship between the density dependence of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and force-controlled ordered structure remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured contraction-driven flow generation by varying the concentration of cell extracts containing the actomyosin cytoskeleton and associated nucleation factors. We observed continuous actin flow toward the center at a critical actomyosin density in cell-sized droplets. Notably, the actin flow demonstrated emergent oscillations, in which tracer advection periodically changed in a stop-and-go fashion in bulk solution. Near the onset of flow, the viscous drag of the actin cytoskeleton decreased the particle transport, after which it rapidly increased. These results indicate that the density-dependent actin flow is generated by a balance between viscous friction and contractile force.