On the unsteady aerodynamics of flapping wings under dynamic hovering kinematics

TL;DR

This study investigates the unsteady aerodynamics of flapping wings with dynamic kinematics in hovering flight, revealing how different flow mechanisms contribute to lift during acceleration and cruising phases.

Contribution

It combines advanced simulations and flow analysis to uncover the interactions of unsteady aerodynamic phenomena in flapping wing flight under aggressive kinematics.

Findings

Added mass effect dominates during acceleration phase.

Leading-edge vortex growth governs aerodynamic forces in cruising.

Flow structures are isolated using extended Proper Orthogonal Decomposition.

Abstract

Hummingbirds and insects achieve outstanding flight performance by adapting their flapping motion to the flight requirements. Their wing kinematics can change from smooth flapping to highly dynamic waveforms, generating unsteady aerodynamic phenomena such as leading-edge vortices (LEV), rotational circulation, wing wake capture, and added mass. This article uncovers the interactions of these mechanisms in the case of a rigid semi-elliptical wing undergoing aggressive kinematics in the hovering regime at $Re\sim \mathcal{O}(10^3)$. The flapping kinematics were parametrized using smoothed steps and triangular functions and the flow dynamics were simulated by combining the overset method with Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The analysis of the results identifies an initial acceleration phase and a cruising phase. During the former, the flow is mostly irrotational and governed by the added mass effect. The added mass was shown to be responsible for a lift first peak due to the strong flapping acceleration. The dynamic pitching and the wing wake interaction generate a second lift peak due to a downwash flow and a vortex system on the proximal and distal parts of the wing's pressure side. Conversely, aerodynamic forces in the cruising phase are mainly governed by the growth and the establishment of the LEV. Finally, the leading flow structures in each phase and their impact on the aerodynamic forces were isolated using the extended Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD).