Distilling Machine Learning's Added Value: Pareto Fronts in Atmospheric Applications

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hierarchy of Pareto-optimal models to evaluate and understand the added value of machine learning in atmospheric science, demonstrating how different models capture complex climate processes and improve predictions.

Contribution

It proposes using Pareto fronts within an error-complexity framework to guide model development and interpretability in atmospheric applications, bridging empirical results with process understanding.

Findings

Neural networks capture nonlinear cloud cover relationships and incorporate new features.

Hierarchies reveal the importance of vertical connectivity in radiative transfer models.

Temporal memory enhances precipitation modeling when spatial data is limited.

Abstract

The added value of machine learning for weather and climate applications is measurable through performance metrics, but explaining it remains challenging, particularly for large deep learning models. Inspired by climate model hierarchies, we propose that a full hierarchy of Pareto-optimal models, defined within an appropriately determined error-complexity plane, can guide model development and help understand the models' added value. We demonstrate the use of Pareto fronts in atmospheric physics through three sample applications, with hierarchies ranging from semi-empirical models with minimal parameters to deep learning algorithms. First, in cloud cover parameterization, we find that neural networks identify nonlinear relationships between cloud cover and its thermodynamic environment, and assimilate previously neglected features such as vertical gradients in relative humidity that improve the representation of low cloud cover. This added value is condensed into a ten-parameter equation that rivals deep learning models. Second, we establish a machine learning model hierarchy for emulating shortwave radiative transfer, distilling the importance of bidirectional vertical connectivity for accurately representing absorption and scattering, especially for multiple cloud layers. Third, we emphasize the importance of convective organization information when modeling the relationship between tropical precipitation and its surrounding environment. We discuss the added value of temporal memory when high-resolution spatial information is unavailable, with implications for precipitation parameterization. Therefore, by comparing data-driven models directly with existing schemes using Pareto optimality, we promote process understanding by hierarchically unveiling system complexity, with the hope of improving the trustworthiness of machine learning models in atmospheric applications.