Euclid preparation. Exploring the properties of proto-clusters in the   Simulated Euclid Wide Survey

Euclid Collaboration: H. B\"ohringer (1; 2; 3); G. Chon (2 and; 3); O. Cucciati (4); H. Dannerbauer (5); M. Bolzonella (4); G. De Lucia (6),; A. Cappi (4; 7); L. Moscardini (8; 4; 9); C. Giocoli (4; 10); G.; Castignani (4); N. A. Hatch (11); S. Andreon (12); E. Ba\~nados (13); S.; Ettori (4; 14); F. Fontanot (6; 15); H. Gully (11); M. Hirschmann (16; and 6); M. Maturi (17; 18); S. Mei (19); L. Pozzetti (4); T. Schlenker; (17); M. Spinelli (7; 6; 20); N. Aghanim (21); B. Altieri (22); N.; Auricchio (4); C. Baccigalupi (15; 6; 23; 24); M. Baldi (25; 4; and 9); S. Bardelli (4); C. Bodendorf (1); D. Bonino (26); E. Branchini (27; and 28; 12); M. Brescia (29; 30; 31); J. Brinchmann (32; 33); S.; Camera (34; 35; 26); V. Capobianco (26); C. Carbone (36); J. Carretero; (37; 38); S. Casas (39); F. J. Castander (40; 41); M. Castellano (42),; S. Cavuoti (30; 31); A. Cimatti (43); C. Colodro-Conde (44); G. Congedo; (45); C. J. Conselice (46); L. Conversi (47; 22); Y. Copin (48); F.; Courbin (49); H. M. Courtois (50); A. Da Silva (51; 52); H. Degaudenzi; (53); A. M. Di Giorgio (54); J. Dinis (51; 52); M. Douspis (21); F. Dubath; (53); C. A. J. Duncan (46); X. Dupac (22); S. Dusini (55); M. Farina (54); S.; Farrens (56); F. Faustini (57; 42); P. Fosalba (41; 58); M. Frailis; (6); E. Franceschi (4); M. Fumana (36); S. Galeotta (6); B. Gillis (45); P.; G\'omez-Alvarez (59; 22); A. Grazian (60); F. Grupp (1; 61); S. V. H.; Haugan (62); W. Holmes (63); F. Hormuth (64); A. Hornstrup (65; 66); P.; Hudelot (67); K. Jahnke (13); M. Jhabvala (68); B. Joachimi (69); E.; Keih\"anen (70); S. Kermiche (71); A. Kiessling (63); M. Kilbinger (56); B.; Kubik (48); M. K\"ummel (61); M. Kunz (72); H. Kurki-Suonio (73; 74); S.; Ligori (26); P. B. Lilje (62); V. Lindholm (73; 74); I. Lloro (75); G.; Mainetti (76); D. Maino (77; 36; 78); E. Maiorano (4); O. Mansutti (6),; O. Marggraf (79); K. Markovic (63); M. Martinelli (42; 80); N. Martinet; (81); F. Marulli (8; 4; 9); R. Massey (82); S. Maurogordato (7); E.; Medinaceli (4); Y. Mellier (83; 67); M. Meneghetti (4; 9); G. Meylan; (49); M. Moresco (8; 4); S.-M. Niemi (84); C. Padilla (85); S. Paltani; (53); F. Pasian (6); K. Pedersen (86); V. Pettorino (84); S. Pires (56); G.; Polenta (57); M. Poncet (87); L. A. Popa (88); F. Raison (1); R. Rebolo (44; and 89); A. Renzi (90; 55); J. Rhodes (63); G. Riccio (30); E. Romelli; (6); M. Roncarelli (4); E. Rossetti (25); R. Saglia (61; 1); Z. Sakr (17; and 91; 92); A. G. S\'anchez (1); D. Sapone (93); B. Sartoris (61; 6),; M. Schirmer (13); P. Schneider (79); M. Scodeggio (36); A. Secroun (71); G.; Seidel (13); S. Serrano (41; 94; 40); C. Sirignano (90; 55); G.; Sirri (9); L. Stanco (55); J. Steinwagner (1); P. Tallada-Cresp\'i (37 and; 38); A. N. Taylor (45); I. Tereno (51; 95); R. Toledo-Moreo (96); F.; Torradeflot (38; 37); I. Tutusaus (91); T. Vassallo (61; 6); G. Verdoes; Kleijn (97); A. Veropalumbo (12; 28; 98); Y. Wang (99); J. Weller (61; and 1); G. Zamorani (4); E. Zucca (4); E. Bozzo (53); C. Burigana (100 and; 14); M. Calabrese (101; 36); D. Di Ferdinando (9); J. A. Escartin Vigo; (1); F. Finelli (4; 14); J. Gracia-Carpio (1); S. Matthew (45); N. Mauri; (43; 9); M. P\"ontinen (73); C. Porciani (79); V. Scottez (83; 102); M.; Tenti (9); M. Viel (15; 6; 24; 23; 103); M. Wiesmann (62); Y.; Akrami (104; 105); V. Allevato (30); S. Alvi (106); S. Anselmi (55; 90; and 107); M. Archidiacono (77; 78); F. Atrio-Barandela (108); A.; Balaguera-Antolinez (44; 89); M. Ballardini (106; 4; 109); A.; Blanchard (91); L. Blot (110; 107); S. Borgani (111; 15; 6; 23),; S. Bruton (112); R. Cabanac (91); A. Calabro (42); F. Caro (42); C. S.; Carvalho (95); T. Castro (6; 23; 15; 103); K. C. Chambers (113); S.; Contarini (1); A. R. Cooray (114); M. Costanzi (111; 6; 15); B. De Caro; (36); G. Desprez (115); A. D\'iaz-S\'anchez (116); S. Di Domizio (27; 28),; H. Dole (21); S. Escoffier (71); A. G. Ferrari (43; 9); P. G. Ferreira; (117); I. Ferrero (62); A. Fontana (42); F. Fornari (14); L. Gabarra (117),; K. Ganga (19); J. Garc\'ia-Bellido (104); T. Gasparetto (6); V. Gautard; (118); E. Gaztanaga (40; 41; 119); F. Giacomini (9); F. Gianotti (4),; A. H. Gonzalez (120); G. Gozaliasl (121; 73); C. M. Gutierrez (122); A.; Hall (45); W. G. Hartley (53); H. Hildebrandt (123); J. Hjorth (124); A.; Jimenez Mu\~noz (125); J. J. E. Kajava (126; 127); V. Kansal (128 and; 129); D. Karagiannis (130; 20); C. C. Kirkpatrick (70); L. Legrand (131),; J. Lesgourgues (39); T. I. Liaudat (132); A. Loureiro (133; 134); J.; Macias-Perez (125); G. Maggio (6); M. Magliocchetti (54); C. Mancini (36); F.; Mannucci (135); R. Maoli (136; 42); C. J. A. P. Martins (137; 32); L.; Maurin (21); R. B. Metcalf (8; 4); M. Miluzio (22; 138); P. Monaco (111; and 6; 23; 15); A. Montoro (40; 41); A. Mora (139); C. Moretti (24; and 103; 6; 15; 23); G. Morgante (4); Nicholas A. Walton (140); L.; Patrizii (9); V. Popa (88); D. Potter (141); I. Risso (98); P.-F. Rocci (21),; M. Sahl\'en (142); A. Schneider (141); M. Schultheis (7); M. Sereno (4 and; 9); F. Shankar (143); P. Simon (79); A. Spurio Mancini (144; 145); J.; Stadel (141); S. A. Stanford (146); K. Tanidis (117); C. Tao (71); G. Testera; (28); R. Teyssier (147); S. Toft (148; 149); S. Tosi (27; 28); A. Troja; (90; 55); M. Tucci (53); C. Valieri (9); J. Valiviita (73; 74); D.; Vergani (4); G. Verza (150; 151) ((1) Max Planck Institute for; Extraterrestrial Physics; Giessenbachstr. 1; 85748 Garching; Germany; (2); Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Schellingstrasse 4; 80799 Munich; Germany; (3); Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik; Boltzmannstr. 8; 85748 Garching; Germany,; (4) INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna; Via; Piero Gobetti 93/3; 40129 Bologna; Italy; (5) Instituto de Astrof\'isica de; Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrof\'isica; Universidad de La Laguna; (ULL); 38200; La Laguna; Tenerife; Spain; (6) INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico; di Trieste; Via G. B. Tiepolo 11; 34143 Trieste; Italy; (7) Universit\'e; C\^ote d'Azur; Observatoire de la C\^ote d'Azur; CNRS; Laboratoire Lagrange,; Bd de l'Observatoire; CS 34229; 06304 Nice cedex 4; France; (8) Dipartimento; di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" - Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\`a di; Bologna; via Piero Gobetti 93/2; 40129 Bologna; Italy; (9) INFN-Sezione di; Bologna; Viale Berti Pichat 6/2; 40127 Bologna; Italy; (10) Istituto; Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Sezione di Bologna; Via Irnerio 46; 40126; Bologna; Italy; (11) School of Physics; Astronomy; University of; Nottingham; University Park; Nottingham NG7 2RD; UK; (12) INAF-Osservatorio; Astronomico di Brera; Via Brera 28; 20122 Milano; Italy; (13); Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Astronomie; K\"onigstuhl 17; 69117 Heidelberg,; Germany; (14) INFN-Bologna; Via Irnerio 46; 40126 Bologna; Italy; (15) IFPU,; Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe; via Beirut 2; 34151; Trieste; Italy; (16) Institute of Physics; Laboratory for Galaxy Evolution,; Ecole Polytechnique F\'ed\'erale de Lausanne; Observatoire de Sauverny,; CH-1290 Versoix; Switzerland; (17) Institut f\"ur Theoretische Physik,; University of Heidelberg; Philosophenweg 16; 69120 Heidelberg; Germany; (18); Zentrum f\"ur Astronomie; Universit\"at Heidelberg; Philosophenweg 12; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany; (19) Universit\'e Paris Cit\'e; CNRS; Astroparticule et; Cosmologie; 75013 Paris; France; (20) Department of Physics; Astronomy,; University of the Western Cape; Bellville; Cape Town; 7535; South Africa,; (21) Universit\'e Paris-Saclay; CNRS; Institut d'astrophysique spatiale,; 91405; Orsay; France; (22) ESAC/ESA; Camino Bajo del Castillo; s/n.; Urb.; Villafranca del Castillo; 28692 Villanueva de la Ca\~nada; Madrid; Spain,; (23) INFN; Sezione di Trieste; Via Valerio 2; 34127 Trieste TS; Italy; (24); SISSA; International School for Advanced Studies; Via Bonomea 265; 34136; Trieste TS; Italy; (25) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia; Universit\`a di; Bologna; Via Gobetti 93/2; 40129 Bologna; Italy; (26) INAF-Osservatorio; Astrofisico di Torino; Via Osservatorio 20; 10025 Pino Torinese (TO); Italy,; (27) Dipartimento di Fisica; Universit\`a di Genova; Via Dodecaneso 33,; 16146; Genova; Italy; (28) INFN-Sezione di Genova; Via Dodecaneso 33; 16146,; Genova; Italy; (29) Department of Physics "E. Pancini"; University Federico; II; Via Cinthia 6; 80126; Napoli; Italy; (30) INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico; di Capodimonte; Via Moiariello 16; 80131 Napoli; Italy; (31) INFN section of; Naples; Via Cinthia 6; 80126; Napoli; Italy; (32) Instituto de Astrof\'isica; e Ci\^encias do Espa\c{c}o; Universidade do Porto; CAUP; Rua das Estrelas,; PT4150-762 Porto; Portugal; (33) Faculdade de Ci\^encias da Universidade do; Porto; Rua do Campo de Alegre; 4150-007 Porto; Portugal; (34) Dipartimento di; Fisica; Universit\`a degli Studi di Torino; Via P. Giuria 1; 10125 Torino,; Italy; (35) INFN-Sezione di Torino; Via P. Giuria 1; 10125 Torino; Italy,; (36) INAF-IASF Milano; Via Alfonso Corti 12; 20133 Milano; Italy; (37) Centro; de Investigaciones Energ\'eticas; Medioambientales y Tecnol\'ogicas (CIEMAT),; Avenida Complutense 40; 28040 Madrid; Spain; (38) Port d'Informaci\'o; Cient\'ifica; Campus UAB; C. Albareda s/n; 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona),; Spain; (39) Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics; Cosmology (TTK),; RWTH Aachen University; 52056 Aachen; Germany; (40) Institute of Space; Sciences (ICE; CSIC); Campus UAB; Carrer de Can Magrans; s/n; 08193; Barcelona; Spain; (41) Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC),; Edifici RDIT; Campus UPC; 08860 Castelldefels; Barcelona; Spain; (42); INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma; Via Frascati 33; 00078 Monteporzio; Catone; Italy; (43) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" -; Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\`a di Bologna; Viale Berti Pichat 6/2; 40127; Bologna; Italy; (44) Instituto de Astrof\'isica de Canarias; Calle V\'ia; L\'actea s/n; 38204; San Crist\'obal de La Laguna; Tenerife; Spain; (45); Institute for Astronomy; University of Edinburgh; Royal Observatory,; Blackford Hill; Edinburgh EH9 3HJ; UK; (46) Jodrell Bank Centre for; Astrophysics; Department of Physics; Astronomy; University of Manchester,; Oxford Road; Manchester M13 9PL; UK; (47) European Space Agency/ESRIN; Largo; Galileo Galilei 1; 00044 Frascati; Roma; Italy; (48) Universit\'e Claude; Bernard Lyon 1; CNRS/IN2P3; IP2I Lyon; UMR 5822; Villeurbanne; F-69100,; France; (49) Institute of Physics; Laboratory of Astrophysics; Ecole; Polytechnique F\'ed\'erale de Lausanne (EPFL); Observatoire de Sauverny; 1290; Versoix; Switzerland; (50) UCB Lyon 1; CNRS/IN2P3; IUF; IP2I Lyon; 4 rue; Enrico Fermi; 69622 Villeurbanne; France; (51) Departamento de F\'isica,; Faculdade de Ci\^encias; Universidade de Lisboa; Edif\'icio C8; Campo Grande,; PT1749-016 Lisboa; Portugal; (52) Instituto de Astrof\'isica e Ci\^encias do; Espa\c{c}o; Faculdade de Ci\^encias; Universidade de Lisboa; Campo Grande,; 1749-016 Lisboa; Portugal; (53) Department of Astronomy; University of; Geneva; ch. d'Ecogia 16; 1290 Versoix; Switzerland; (54) INAF-Istituto di; Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali; via del Fosso del Cavaliere; 100; 00100; Roma; Italy; (55) INFN-Padova; Via Marzolo 8; 35131 Padova; Italy; (56); Universit\'e Paris-Saclay; Universit\'e Paris Cit\'e; CEA; CNRS; AIM; 91191,; Gif-sur-Yvette; France; (57) Space Science Data Center; Italian Space Agency,; via del Politecnico snc; 00133 Roma; Italy; (58) Institut de Ciencies de; l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC); Campus UAB; Carrer de Can Magrans; s/n Cerdanyola del; Vall\'es; 08193 Barcelona; Spain; (59) FRACTAL S.L.N.E.; calle Tulip\'an 2,; Portal 13 1A; 28231; Las Rozas de Madrid; Spain; (60) INAF-Osservatorio; Astronomico di Padova; Via dell'Osservatorio 5; 35122 Padova; Italy; (61); Universit\"ats-Sternwarte M\"unchen; Fakult\"at f\"ur Physik,; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\"at M\"unchen; Scheinerstrasse 1; 81679; M\"unchen; Germany; (62) Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics; University of; Oslo; P.O. Box 1029 Blindern; 0315 Oslo; Norway; (63) Jet Propulsion; Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; 4800 Oak Grove Drive,; Pasadena; CA; 91109; USA; (64) Felix Hormuth Engineering; Goethestr. 17,; 69181 Leimen; Germany; (65) Technical University of Denmark; Elektrovej 327,; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby; Denmark; (66) Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN); Denmark; (67); Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris; UMR 7095; CNRS; and Sorbonne Universit\'e,; 98 bis boulevard Arago; 75014 Paris; France; (68) NASA Goddard Space Flight; Center; Greenbelt; MD 20771; USA; (69) Department of Physics; Astronomy,; University College London; Gower Street; London WC1E 6BT; UK; (70) Department; of Physics; Helsinki Institute of Physics; Gustaf H\"allstr\"omin katu 2,; 00014 University of Helsinki; Finland; (71) Aix-Marseille Universit\'e,; CNRS/IN2P3; CPPM; Marseille; France; (72) Universit\'e de Gen\`eve,; D\'epartement de Physique Th\'eorique; Centre for Astroparticle Physics,; 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet; CH-1211 Gen\`eve 4; Switzerland; (73) Department of; Physics; P.O. Box 64; 00014 University of Helsinki; Finland; (74) Helsinki; Institute of Physics; Gustaf H\"allstr\"omin katu 2; University of Helsinki,; Helsinki; Finland; (75) NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at; ASTRON; Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4; 7991PD; Dwingeloo; The Netherlands; (76); Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS; 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627; Villeurbanne Cedex; France; (77) Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli",; Universit\`a degli Studi di Milano; Via Celoria 16; 20133 Milano; Italy; (78); INFN-Sezione di Milano; Via Celoria 16; 20133 Milano; Italy; (79); Universit\"at Bonn; Argelander-Institut f\"ur Astronomie; Auf dem H\"ugel 71,; 53121 Bonn; Germany; (80) INFN-Sezione di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro; 2 - c/o; Dipartimento di Fisica; Edificio G. Marconi; 00185 Roma; Italy; (81); Aix-Marseille Universit\'e; CNRS; CNES; LAM; Marseille; France; (82); Department of Physics; Institute for Computational Cosmology; Durham; University; South Road; DH1 3LE; UK; (83) Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris,; 98bis Boulevard Arago; 75014; Paris; France; (84) European Space; Agency/ESTEC; Keplerlaan 1; 2201 AZ Noordwijk; The Netherlands; (85) Institut; de F\'isica d'Altes Energies (IFAE); The Barcelona Institute of Science and; Technology; Campus UAB; 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona); Spain; (86) Department; of Physics; Astronomy; University of Aarhus; Ny Munkegade 120; DK-8000; Aarhus C; Denmark; (87) Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial; de Toulouse; 18 avenue Edouard Belin; 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9; France; (88); Institute of Space Science; Str. Atomistilor; nr. 409 M\u{a}gurele; Ilfov,; 077125; Romania; (89) Departamento de Astrof\'isica; Universidad de La; Laguna; 38206; La Laguna; Tenerife; Spain; (90) Dipartimento di Fisica e; Astronomia "G. Galilei"; Universit\`a di Padova; Via Marzolo 8; 35131 Padova,; Italy; (91) Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plan\'etologie (IRAP),; Universit\'e de Toulouse; CNRS; UPS; CNES; 14 Av. Edouard Belin; 31400; Toulouse; France; (92) Universit\'e St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences; Beirut,; Lebanon; (93) Departamento de F\'isica; FCFM; Universidad de Chile; Blanco; Encalada 2008; Santiago; Chile; (94) Satlantis; University Science Park; Sede; Bld 48940; Leioa-Bilbao; Spain; (95) Instituto de Astrof\'isica e Ci\^encias; do Espa\c{c}o; Faculdade de Ci\^encias; Universidade de Lisboa; Tapada da; Ajuda; 1349-018 Lisboa; Portugal; (96) Universidad Polit\'ecnica de; Cartagena; Departamento de Electr\'onica y Tecnolog\'ia de Computadoras,; Plaza del Hospital 1; 30202 Cartagena; Spain; (97) Kapteyn Astronomical; Institute; University of Groningen; PO Box 800; 9700 AV Groningen; The; Netherlands; (98) Dipartimento di Fisica; Universit\`a degli studi di Genova,; and INFN-Sezione di Genova; via Dodecaneso 33; 16146; Genova; Italy; (99); Infrared Processing; Analysis Center; California Institute of Technology,; Pasadena; CA 91125; USA; (100) INAF; Istituto di Radioastronomia; Via Piero; Gobetti 101; 40129 Bologna; Italy; (101) Astronomical Observatory of the; Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA); Loc. 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Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008; Salamanca; Spain; (109) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Sezione di; Ferrara; Via Giuseppe Saragat 1; 44122 Ferrara; Italy; (110) Kavli Institute; for the Physics; Mathematics of the Universe (WPI); University of Tokyo,; Kashiwa; Chiba 277-8583; Japan; (111) Dipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di; Astronomia; Universit\`a di Trieste; Via Tiepolo 11; 34131 Trieste; Italy,; (112) Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics; University of Minnesota; 116; Church St SE; Minneapolis; MN 55455; USA; (113) Institute for Astronomy,; University of Hawaii; 2680 Woodlawn Drive; Honolulu; HI 96822; USA; (114); Department of Physics \& Astronomy; University of California Irvine; Irvine; CA 92697; USA; (115) Department of Astronomy \& Physics; Institute for; Computational Astrophysics; Saint Mary's University; 923 Robie Street,; Halifax; Nova Scotia; B3H 3C3; Canada; (116) Departamento F\'isica Aplicada,; Universidad Polit\'ecnica de Cartagena; Campus Muralla del Mar; 30202; Cartagena; Murcia; Spain; (117) Department of Physics; Oxford University,; Keble Road; Oxford OX1 3RH; UK; (118) CEA Saclay; DFR/IRFU; Service; d'Astrophysique; Bat. 709; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette; France; (119) Institute of; Cosmology; Gravitation; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth PO1 3FX; UK,; (120) Department of Astronomy; University of Florida; Bryant Space Science; Center; Gainesville; FL 32611; USA; (121) Department of Computer Science,; Aalto University; PO Box 15400; Espoo; FI-00 076; Finland; (122) Instituto de; Astrof\'i sica de Canarias; c/ Via Lactea s/n; La Laguna E-38200; Spain.; Departamento de Astrof\'i sica de la Universidad de La Laguna; Avda.; Francisco Sanchez; La Laguna; E-38200; Spain; (123) Ruhr University Bochum,; Faculty of Physics; Astronomy; Astronomical Institute (AIRUB); German; Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL); 44780 Bochum; Germany; (124) DARK,; Niels Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Jagtvej 155; 2200 Copenhagen,; Denmark; (125) Univ. Grenoble Alpes; CNRS; Grenoble INP; LPSC-IN2P3; 53,; Avenue des Martyrs; 38000; Grenoble; France; (126) Department of Physics and; Astronomy; Vesilinnantie 5; 20014 University of Turku; Finland; (127) Serco; for European Space Agency (ESA); Camino bajo del Castillo; s/n; Urbanizacion; Villafranca del Castillo; Villanueva de la Ca\~nada; 28692 Madrid; Spain,; (128) ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics; Melbourne,; Australia; (129) Centre for Astrophysics \& Supercomputing; Swinburne; University of Technology; Hawthorn; Victoria 3122; Australia; (130) School of; Physics; Astronomy; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road; London; E1 4NS; UK; (131) ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research,; Instituto de F\'isica Te\'orica; Universidade Estadual Paulista; S\~ao Paulo,; Brazil; (132) IRFU; CEA; Universit\'e Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette; Cedex; France; (133) Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics; Department; of Physics; Stockholm University; Stockholm; SE-106 91; Sweden; (134); Astrophysics Group; Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College London; London SW7; 2AZ; UK; (135) INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri; Largo E. Fermi 5,; 50125; Firenze; Italy; (136) Dipartimento di Fisica; Sapienza Universit\`a di; Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 2; 00185 Roma; Italy; (137) Centro de Astrof\'isica; da Universidade do Porto; Rua das Estrelas; 4150-762 Porto; Portugal; (138); HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA); Camino bajo del Castillo; s/n,; Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo; Villanueva de la Ca\~nada; 28692; Madrid; Spain; (139) Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA),; Camino bajo del Castillo; s/n; Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo,; Villanueva de la Ca\~nada; 28692 Madrid; Spain; (140) Institute of Astronomy,; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road; Cambridge CB3 0HA; UK; (141); Department of Astrophysics; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190,; 8057 Zurich; Switzerland; (142) Theoretical astrophysics; Department of; Physics; Astronomy; Uppsala University; Box 515; 751 20 Uppsala; Sweden,; (143) School of Physics \& Astronomy; University of Southampton; Highfield; Campus; Southampton SO17 1BJ; UK; (144) Department of Physics; Royal; Holloway; University of London; TW20 0EX; UK; (145) Mullard Space Science; Laboratory; University College London; Holmbury St Mary; Dorking; Surrey RH5; 6NT; UK; (146) Department of Physics; Astronomy; University of California,; Davis; CA 95616; USA; (147) Department of Astrophysical Sciences; Peyton; Hall; Princeton University; Princeton; NJ 08544; USA; (148) Cosmic Dawn; Center (DAWN); (149) Niels Bohr Institute; University of Copenhagen; Jagtvej; 128; 2200 Copenhagen; Denmark; (150) Center for Cosmology; Particle; Physics; Department of Physics; New York University; New York; NY 10003; USA,; (151) Center for Computational Astrophysics; Flatiron Institute; 162 5th; Avenue; 10010; New York; NY; USA)

arXiv:2407.19919·astro-ph.CO·January 8, 2025

Euclid preparation. Exploring the properties of proto-clusters in the Simulated Euclid Wide Survey

Euclid Collaboration: H. B\"ohringer (1, 2, 3), G. Chon (2 and, 3), O. Cucciati (4), H. Dannerbauer (5), M. Bolzonella (4), G. De Lucia (6),, A. Cappi (4, 7), L. Moscardini (8, 4, 9), C. Giocoli (4, 10), G., Castignani (4), N. A. Hatch (11), S. Andreon (12), E. Ba\~nados (13)

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TL;DR

This paper uses models and simulations to predict the properties and observability of galaxy proto-clusters in the Euclid Wide Survey, focusing on their detection and characterization at redshifts 1.5 to 4.

Contribution

It provides detailed predictions of proto-cluster properties and analytical tools for their detection in the Euclid survey, enhancing understanding of early cluster formation.

Findings

01

Proto-clusters can be detected with sufficient significance using Euclid data.

02

Analytical approximations for proto-cluster properties are provided.

03

Spectroscopic follow-up is necessary for confirmation and detailed study.

Abstract

Galaxy proto-clusters are receiving an increased interest since most of the processes shaping the structure of clusters of galaxies and their galaxy population are happening at early stages of their formation. The Euclid Survey will provide a unique opportunity to discover a large number of proto-clusters over a large fraction of the sky (14 500 square degrees). In this paper, we explore the expected observational properties of proto-clusters in the Euclid Wide Survey by means of theoretical models and simulations. We provide an overview of the predicted proto-cluster extent, galaxy density profiles, mass-richness relations, abundance, and sky-filling as a function of redshift. Useful analytical approximations for the functions of these properties are provided. The focus is on the redshift range z= 1.5 to 4. We discuss in particular the density contrast with which proto-clusters can be…

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