Vector Magnetometry Using Shallow Implanted NV Centers in Diamond with Waveguide-Assisted Dipole Excitation and Readout

TL;DR

This paper presents a scalable on-chip vector magnetometer using shallow implanted NV centers in diamond, integrated with laser-written waveguides for excitation and readout, achieving sensitive magnetic field detection and vector reconstruction.

Contribution

It introduces a novel integrated device combining shallow NV centers with waveguide arrays for on-chip vector magnetic sensing.

Findings

Achieved an average dc-sensitivity of 195 nT/√Hz.

Demonstrated vector magnetic field reconstruction using multiple NV orientations.

Proved sensor capabilities with magnetic field application and current-induced field measurements.

Abstract

On-chip magnetic field sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond requires scalable integration of 3D waveguides into diamond substrates. Here, we develop a sensing array device with an ensemble of shallow implanted NV centers integrated with arrays of laser-written waveguides for excitation and readout of NV signals. Our approach enables an easy-to-operate on-chip magnetometer with a pixel size proportional to the Gaussian mode area of each waveguide. The performed continuous wave optically detected magnetic resonance on each waveguide gives an average dc-sensitivity value of $195 \pm 3 {nT}/\sqrt{Hz}$, which can be improved with lock-in-detection or pulsed-microwave sequences. We apply a magnetic field to separate the four NV crystallographic orientations of the magnetic resonance and then utilize a DC current through a straight wire antenna close to the waveguide to prove the sensor capabilities of our device. We reconstruct the complete vector magnetic field in the NV crystal frame using three different NV crystallographic orientations. By knowing the polarization axis of the waveguide mode, we project the magnetic field vector into the lab frame.