The supermassive black hole merger driven evolution of high-redshift red nuggets into present-day cored early-type galaxies

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that supermassive black holes are essential in galaxy merger models to reproduce the core structures and size evolution of high-redshift red nuggets transforming into present-day early-type galaxies.

Contribution

The paper introduces detailed N-body simulations including SMBHs, showing their critical role in forming galaxy cores and driving size evolution, which previous models without SMBHs failed to reproduce.

Findings

SMBH-inclusive models produce observed core sizes and mass deficits.

SMBHs accelerate galaxy size growth during mergers.

Progenitors lose rotational support after multiple mergers.

Abstract

Very compact ($R_\mathrm{e}\lesssim1$ kpc) massive quiescent galaxies (red nuggets) are more abundant in the high-redshift Universe ($z\sim2$-$3$) than today. Their size evolution can be explained by collisionless dynamical processes in galaxy mergers which, however, fail to reproduce the diffuse low-density central cores in the local massive early-type galaxies (ETGs). We use sequences of major and minor merger N-body simulations starting with compact spherical and disk-like progenitor models to investigate the impact of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) on the evolution of the galaxies. With the KETJU code we accurately follow the collisional interaction of the SMBHs with the nearby stellar population and the collisionless evolution of the galaxies and their dark matter halos. We show that only models including SMBHs can simultaneously explain the formation of low-density cores up to sizes of $R_\mathrm{b} \sim 1.3$ kpc with mass deficits in the observed range and the rapid half-mass size evolution. In addition, the orbital structure in the core region (tangentially biased orbits) is consistent with observation-based results for local cored ETGs. The displacement of stars by the SMBHs boost the half-mass size evolution by up to a factor of two and even fast rotating progenitors (compact quiescent disks) lose their rotational support after $6$-$8$ mergers. We conclude that the presence of SMBHs is required for merger driven evolution models of high redshift red nuggets into local ETGs.