Isotopic abundance of carbon in the DLA towards QSO B1331+170

TL;DR

This study measures the isotopic ratio of carbon in a distant galaxy's gas cloud, providing insights into chemical evolution and $^{13}$C production at low metallicity using advanced AI modeling.

Contribution

First measurement of $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C in a high-redshift DLA using AI-driven spectral analysis, revealing potential $^{13}$C production at low metallicity.

Findings

$^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratio estimated at 28.5 with large uncertainty

Indicates possible $^{13}$C production in early universe environments

Demonstrates effectiveness of AI-based spectral modeling in astrophysics

Abstract

Chemical evolution models predict a gradual build-up of $^{13}$C in the universe, based on empirical nuclear reaction rates and assumptions on the properties of stellar populations. However, old metal-poor stars within the Galaxy contain more $^{13}$C than is predicted, suggesting that further refinements to the models are necessary. Gas at high redshift provides important supplementary information at metallicities $-2\lesssim$ [Fe/H] $\lesssim-1$, for which there are only a few measurements in the Galaxy. We obtained new, high-quality, VLT/ESPRESSO observations of the QSO B1331+170 and used them to measure $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C in the damped Lyman-$\alpha$ system (DLA) at $z_{abs}=1.776$, with [Fe/H]=-1.27. AI-VPFIT, an Artificial Intelligence tool based on genetic algorithms and guided by a spectroscopic information criterion, was used to explore different possible kinematic structures of the carbon gas. Three hundred independent AI-VPFIT models of the absorption system were produced using pre-set $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C values, ranging from 4 to 500. Our results show that $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C$=28.5^{+51.5}_{-10.4}$, suggesting a possibility of $^{13}$C production at low metallicity.