Online String Attractors

TL;DR

This paper introduces an online variant of string attractors, demonstrating that Lempel-Ziv is optimal for this problem with a competitive ratio of O(log n), and establishing lower bounds for specific infinite words like Fibonacci.

Contribution

It defines the first online version of string attractors and analyzes its competitive ratio, connecting it to Lempel-Ziv and studying bounds for special infinite words.

Findings

Lempel-Ziv factorization is the optimal online algorithm with O(log n) competitive ratio.

Certain infinite words like Fibonacci have a lower bound of Ω(log n) for online attractor costs.

The online k-attractor problem is shown to be strictly k-competitive.

Abstract

In today's data-centric world, fast and effective compression of data is paramount. To measure success towards the second goal, Kempa and Prezza [STOC2018] introduce the string attractor, a combinatorial object unifying dictionary-based compression. Given a string $T \in \Sigma^n$, a string attractor ($k$-attractor) is a set of positions $\Gamma\subseteq [1,n]$, such that every distinct substring (of length at most $k$) has at least one occurrence that contains one of the selected positions. String attractors are shown to be approximated by and thus measure the quality of many important dictionary compression algorithms such as Lempel-Ziv 77, the Burrows-Wheeler transform, straight line programs, and macro schemes. In order to handle massive amounts of data, compression often has to be achieved in a streaming fashion. Thus, practically applied compression algorithms, such as Lempel-Ziv 77, have been extensively studied in an online setting. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no such work, and therefore are no theoretical underpinnings, for the string attractor problem. We introduce a natural online variant of both the $k$-attractor and the string attractor problem. First, we show that the Lempel-Ziv factorization corresponds to the best online algorithm for this problem, resulting in an upper bound of $\mathcal{O}(\log(n))$ on the competitive ratio. On the other hand, there are families of sparse strings which have constant-size optimal attractors, e.g., prefixes of the infinite Sturmian words and Thue-Morse words, which are created by iterative application of a morphism. We consider the most famous of these Sturmian words, the Fibonacci word, and show that any online algorithm has a cost growing with the length of the word, for a matching lower bound of $\Omega(\log(n))$. For the online $k$-attractor problem, we show tight (strict) $k$-competitiveness.