GRASIAN: Shaping and characterization of the cold hydrogen and deuterium beams for the forthcoming first demonstration of gravitational quantum states of atoms

TL;DR

This paper details the development of a cryogenic hydrogen beam with low velocities and background noise reduction, aiming to observe gravitational quantum states of atoms, a phenomenon previously only seen with neutrons.

Contribution

It introduces novel methods for producing and detecting low-velocity hydrogen atoms suitable for gravitational quantum state experiments, advancing the field towards atomic GQS observation.

Findings

Hydrogen beam collimation achieved at 2 mm

Background noise significantly reduced

First detection of hydrogen atoms with velocities < 72 m/s

Abstract

A low energy particle confined by a horizontal reflective surface and gravity settles in gravitationally bound quantum states. These gravitational quantum states (GQS) were so far only observed with neutrons. However, the existence of GQS is predicted also for atoms. The GRASIAN collaboration pursues the first observation of GQS of atoms, using a cryogenic hydrogen beam. This endeavor is motivated by the higher densities, which can be expected from hydrogen compared to neutrons, the easier access, the fact that GQS were never observed with atoms and the accessibility to hypothetical short range interactions. In addition to enabling gravitational quantum spectroscopy, such a cryogenic hydrogen beam with very low vertical velocity components - a few cm s$^{-1}$, can be used for precision optical and microwave spectroscopy. In this article, we report on our methods developed to reduce background and to detect atoms with a low horizontal velocity, which are needed for such an experiment. Our recent measurement results on the collimation of the hydrogen beam to 2 mm, the reduction of background and improvement of signal-to-noise and finally our first detection of atoms with velocities < 72 m s$^{-1}$ are presented. Furthermore, we show calculations, estimating the feasibility of the planned experiment and simulations which confirm that we can select vertical velocity components in the order of cm s$^{-1}$.