The VLT/ERIS vortex coronagraph: design, pointing control, and on-sky performance

TL;DR

This paper details the design, implementation, and on-sky performance of the vortex coronagraph on the ERIS instrument at the VLT, highlighting improved pointing stability and contrast performance in high-contrast infrared observations.

Contribution

It introduces a new vortex coronagraph for ERIS, along with a dedicated QACITS-based pointing control loop, achieving enhanced stability and contrast in high-contrast imaging.

Findings

Pointing errors reduced to 0.01-0.02 λ/D with a 0.2 Hz correction rate.

Contrast performance improved by about 1 magnitude across all separations.

Successful on-sky commissioning demonstrating the system's effectiveness.

Abstract

The Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph (ERIS) is the new near-infrared instrument at the VLT-UT4. ERIS replaces and extends the observational capabilities formerly provided by SINFONI and NACO: integral field spectroscopy at 1 - 2.5 $\mu$m, imaging at 1 - 5 $\mu$m with several options for high-contrast imaging, and long-slit spectroscopy. In particular, a vortex coronagraph is now available for high contrast observations at L and M band. It is implemented using annular groove (or vortex) phase masks (one for each of the L and M bands) in a focal plane, and a Lyot stop in a downstream pupil plane. The vortex coronagraph has a discovery space starting already at $\sim$1$\lambda/D$, and works well in broadbands. However, to reach its optimal performance, it is critical to correct for slow pointing errors onto the vortex phase mask, which mandates a dedicated pointing control strategy. To do so, a control loop based on the QACITS algorithm has been developed and commissioned for ERIS. Good pointing stability is now regularly achieved with errors between 0.01 and 0.02 $\lambda/D$ and a correction rate of 0.2 Hz. In this contribution, we first review the design of the ERIS vortex coronagraph. We then detail the implementation of the QACITS algorithm describing the entire observing sequence, including the calibration steps, the initial centering, and the stabilization during the observing template. We then discuss performance based on commissioning data in terms of pointing accuracy and stability. Finally, we present post-processed contrast curves obtained during commissioning and compare them with NACO vortex data, showing a significant improvement of about 1 mag at all separations.