Current-Crowding-Free Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel method to eliminate current crowding in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors by localized helium ion irradiation, significantly improving their efficiency and reducing dark counts.

Contribution

The study demonstrates a new technique of localized helium ion irradiation to create current-crowding-free SNSPDs, enhancing performance metrics beyond previous limitations.

Findings

Achieved 94% internal detection efficiency at 780 nm wavelength.

Reduced dark count rate to 7 mHz near saturation.

Enhanced plateau width allowing operation at lower bias currents.

Abstract

Detecting single photons is essential for applications such as dark matter detection, quantum science and technology, and biomedical imaging. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) excel in this task due to their near-unity detection efficiency, sub-Hz dark count rates, and picosecond timing jitter. However, a local increase of current density (current crowding) in the bends of meander-shaped SNSPDs limits these performance metrics. By locally irradiating the straight segments of SNSPDs with helium ions while leaving the bends unirradiated, we realize current-crowding-free SNSPDs with simultaneously enhanced sensitivity: after irradiation with 800 ions/nm$\unicode{xB2}$, locally irradiated SNSPDs showed a relative saturation plateau width of 37% while fully irradiated SNSPDs reached only 10%. This larger relative plateau width allows operation at lower relative bias currents, thereby reducing the dark count rate while still detecting single photons efficiently. We achieve an internal detection efficiency of 94% for a wavelength of 780 nm with a dark count rate of 7 mHz near the onset of saturating detection efficiency.