Coprime networks of the composite numbers: pseudo-randomness and synchronizability

TL;DR

This paper introduces a network based on composite numbers connected by relative primality, analyzing its structural properties, pseudo-randomness, and synchronization behavior, revealing unique features compared to classical random networks.

Contribution

It provides an analytical characterization of the coprime network's structure, including link density, path lengths, clustering, cycles, and pseudo-randomness, and compares its synchronizability to other models.

Findings

Link density saturates at 6/π² as network size grows.

Shortest path length is at most 3 for smaller networks and at most 2 for larger ones.

The network exhibits weak pseudo-randomness and less synchronizability than Erdős-Rényi and Barabási-Albert networks.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a network whose nodes are labeled by the composite numbers and two nodes are connected by an undirected link if they are relatively prime to each other. As the size of the network increases, the network will be connected whenever the largest possible node index $n\geq 49$. To investigate how the nodes are connected, we analytically describe that the link density saturates to $6/\pi^2$, whereas the average degree increases linearly with slope $6/\pi^2$ with the size of the network. To investigate how the neighbors of the nodes are connected to each other, we find the shortest path length will be at most 3 for $49\leq n\leq 288$ and it is at most 2 for $n\geq 289$. We also derive an analytic expression for the local clustering coefficients of the nodes, which quantifies how close the neighbors of a node to form a triangle. We also provide an expression for the number of $r$-length labeled cycles, which indicates the existence of a cycle of length at most $O(\log n)$. Finally, we show that this graph sequence is actually a sequence of weakly pseudo-random graphs. We numerically verify our observed analytical results. As a possible application, we have observed less synchronizability (the ratio of the largest and smallest positive eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix is high) as compared to Erd\H{o}s-R\'{e}nyi random network and Barab\'{a}si-Albert network. This unusual observation is consistent with the prolonged transient behaviors of ecological and predator-prey networks which can easily avoid the global synchronization.