Luminosity dependence of the multiple cyclotron lines in 4U 0115$+$63

TL;DR

This study analyzes the dependence of multiple cyclotron lines on luminosity in the X-ray binary 4U 0115+63 during a 2023 outburst, revealing a weak positive correlation and identifying two fundamental lines.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of the luminosity dependence of multiple CRSFs in 4U 0115+63 over a broad luminosity range, including the detection of two fundamental lines.

Findings

Detected five cyclotron lines near 12, 16, 24, 34, and 47 keV.

Found no anticorrelation between line energy and luminosity, but a weak positive correlation.

Identified two fundamental lines at 12 keV and 16 keV.

Abstract

The Be X-ray binary 4U 0115$+$63 underwent a giant outburst in 2023 with the X-ray luminosity of the source reaching 10$^{38}$ erg s$^{-1}$. During the outburst, two target of opportunity observations were made with \textit{NuSTAR}. The main goal of this work is to model the multiple cyclotron scattering features (CRSFs) present in 4U 0115$+$63 and study their dependence on the luminosity of the source. The 3$-$79 keV broadband X-ray coverage of \textit{NuSTAR} allowed us to properly model the continuum and investigate the nature of the multiple cyclotron resonance scattering features present in the source spectrum. We used the epoch-folding technique to find the pulsation from the source and also studied the changes in the cyclotron line energy with an order of magnitude variation in the source luminosity. We detected five cyclotron lines during the 2023 outburst near 12, 16, 24, 34, and 47 keV. The $\sim$16 keV cyclotron line cannot be harmonically related to the other cyclotron lines at $\sim$12 keV and $\sim$24 keV. This indicates the presence of two fundamental lines in the spectrum of 4U 0115$+$63 at 12 keV and 16 keV. With the inclusion of the two latest \textit{NuSTAR} observations, we have expanded the data set of the CRSF line center to encompass a broad range of luminosity. This enables us to comprehensively investigate the relationship between the centroid energy of the cyclotron lines and luminosity. The CRSF line center shows no anticorrelation with luminosity, unlike previously reported. Instead, a weak positive correlation is found in four out of the five detected cyclotron lines of 4U 0115$+$63. The luminosity variation of the two fundamental CRSFs could be well explained with the prediction from the collisionless shock model.