Crosslinking degree variations enable programming and controlling soft fracture via sideways cracking

TL;DR

This study demonstrates how varying the crosslinking degree in soft polymers can program and control fracture behavior, especially sideways cracking, through experiments, simulations, and a novel phase-field model.

Contribution

We introduce a phase-field model linking fracture energy to crosslinking degree and show how to program fracture anisotropy during polymer synthesis.

Findings

Fracture anisotropy increases with higher crosslinking.

Transition from forward to sideways cracking depends on mixing ratio.

Composite structures can control fracture propagation.

Abstract

Large deformations of soft materials are customarily associated with strong constitutive and geometrical nonlinearities that originate new modes of fracture. Some isotropic materials can develop strong fracture anisotropy, which manifests as modifications of the crack path. Sideways cracking occurs when the crack deviates to propagate in the loading direction, rather than perpendicular to it. This fracture mode results from higher resistance to propagation perpendicular to the principal stretch direction. It has been demonstrated that such fracture anisotropy is related to the microstructural stretch of the polymer chains, also known as strain crystallization mechanisms. However, the precise variation of the fracture behavior with the degree of crosslinking is not fully understood. Leveraging experiments and computational simulations, here we show that the tendency of a crack to propagate sideways in the two component Elastosil P7670 increases with the degree of crosslinking. We explore the mixing ratio for the synthesis of the elastomer that establishes the transition from forward to sideways fracturing. To assist the investigations, we construct a novel phase-field model for fracture where the critical energy release rate is directly related to the crosslinking degree. Our results demonstrate that fracture anisotropy can be programmed during the synthesis of the polymer. Then, we propose a roadmap with composite soft structures with low- and high-crosslinked phases that allow for control over fracture, arresting and/or directing the fracture. By extending our computational framework as a virtual testbed, we capture the fracture performance of the composite samples and enable predictions based on more intricate composite unit cells. Overall, our work offers promising avenues for enhancing the fracture toughness of soft polymers.