A Note on the Conditional Optimality of Chiba and Nishizeki's Algorithms

TL;DR

This paper proves that several classical subgraph listing algorithms, including for triangles, 4-cycles, and k-cliques, are optimal under popular computational hardness hypotheses, confirming their efficiency limits.

Contribution

It establishes the optimality of Chiba and Nishizeki's algorithms for subgraph listing under widely accepted hardness conjectures.

Findings

The 4-cycle listing algorithm is tight under the 3SUM hypothesis.

The k-clique listing algorithm is essentially tight under the k-clique hypothesis.

These results hold even for graphs with few 4-cycles or k-cliques.

Abstract

In a seminal work, Chiba and Nishizeki [SIAM J. Comput. `85] developed subgraph listing algorithms for triangles, 4-cycle and $k$-cliques, where $k \geq 3.$ The runtimes of their algorithms are parameterized by the number of edges $m$ and the arboricity $\alpha$ of a graph. The arboricity $\alpha$ of a graph is the minimum number of spanning forests required to cover it. Their work introduces: * A triangle listing algorithm that runs in $O(m\alpha)$ time. * An output-sensitive 4-Cycle-Listing algorithm that lists all 4-cycles in $O(m\alpha + t)$ time, where $t$ is the number of 4-cycles in the graph. * A k-Clique-Listing algorithm that runs in $O(m\alpha^{k-2})$ time, for $k \geq 4.$ Despite the widespread use of these algorithms in practice, no improvements have been made over them in the past few decades. Therefore, recent work has gone into studying lower bounds for subgraph listing problems. The works of Kopelowitz, Pettie and Porat [SODA `16] and Vassilevska W. and Xu [FOCS `20] showed that the triangle-listing algorithm of Chiba and Nishizeki is optimal under the $\mathsf{3SUM}$ and $\mathsf{APSP}$ hypotheses respectively. However, it remained open whether the remaining algorithms were optimal. In this note, we show that in fact all the above algorithms are optimal under popular hardness conjectures. First, we show that the $\mathsf{4}\text{-}\mathsf{Cycle}\text{-}\mathsf{Listing}$ algorithm is tight under the $\mathsf{3SUM}$ hypothesis following the techniques of Jin and Xu [STOC `23], and Abboud, Bringmann and Fishcher [STOC `23] . Additionally, we show that the $k\text{-}\mathsf{Clique}\text{-}\mathsf{Listing}$ algorithm is essentially tight under the exact $k$-clique hypothesis by following the techniques of Dalirooyfard, Mathialagan, Vassilevska W. and Xu [STOC `24]. These hardness results hold even when the number of 4-cycles or $k$-cliques in the graph is small.