High-Dimensional Bell States: A Paradigm Shift for Quantum Illumination

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that maximally entangled Bell states in high-dimensional quantum illumination outperform traditional states in low-noise regimes, challenging existing beliefs about entanglement robustness and expanding quantum sensing capabilities.

Contribution

It introduces a novel measurement approach and proves that high-dimensional Bell states can achieve optimal quantum illumination performance, extending quantum advantage to previously uncertain regimes.

Findings

Bell states achieve optimal performance as M approaches infinity

Bell states outperform two-mode squeezed vacuum in low-noise regimes

Entanglement persists in high-noise environments, enabling quantum advantage

Abstract

This paper solves the open problem of characterizing the performance of quantum illumination (QI) with discrete variable states. By devising a novel quantum measurement approach along with meticulous analysis, our investigation demonstrates that, in the limit as $M \rightarrow \infty$, the maximally entangled $M$ mode Bell state achieves optimal performance, matching the two-mode squeezed vacuum in a high-noise regime and exceeding it in low-noise. This result challenges the dominance of continuous variable states in photonic sensing applications and extends the novelty of QI to regimes where no quantum advantage was believed to exist. A closer analysis reveals that this advantage stems from retained entanglement in the transmitted Bell state, a paradigm-shifting discovery since interaction with the environment in optical systems is believed to break entanglement. The complete mathematical analysis of this work provides granular insights into the interaction between photonic systems and environmental noise, motivating further research into discrete variable quantum sensing.