Low-dose, high-resolution CT of infant-sized lungs via propagation-based phase contrast

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that propagation-based phase contrast CT can produce high-resolution images of infant-sized lungs at significantly lower radiation doses than conventional CT, using synchrotron radiation and phase retrieval techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a low-dose, high-resolution lung imaging method using propagation-based phase contrast CT with synchrotron radiation, optimized for pediatric applications.

Findings

Achieved superior image resolution at doses below current guidelines.

Enabled visualization of small lung airways at doses over 1,200 times lower than conventional CT.

Demonstrated feasibility of phase contrast CT for infant lung imaging with minimal radiation risk.

Abstract

Many lung diseases require detailed visualisation for accurate diagnosis and treatment. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) is the gold-standard technique for non-invasive lung disease detection, but it presents a risk to the patient through the relatively high ionising radiation dose required. Utilising the X-ray phase information may allow improvements in image resolution at equal or lower radiation levels than current clinical imaging. Propagation-based phase-contrast imaging requires minimal adaption of existing medical systems, and is well suited to lung imaging due to the strong phase gradients introduced by the lung-air material interfaces. Herein, propagation-based phase contrast CT is demonstrated for large animals, namely lambs, as a model for paediatric patients, using monochromatic radiation and a photon-counting detector at the Imaging and Medical Beamline of the Australian Synchrotron. Image quality, normalised against radiation dose, was optimised as a function of the beam energy and propagation distance, with the optimal conditions used to test the available image quality at very low radiation dose. The resulting CT images demonstrate superior resolution to existing high-resolution CT systems, pushing dose to the quantum limit to comply with current Australian guidelines for infant chest CT exposure of $<2.5\:\text{mSv}$ effective dose. Constituent raw projections are shown to have significant proportions of pixels with zero photon counts that would create severe information loss in conventional CT. Phase retrieval enabled clear visualisation of minor lung airways at doses up to 1,225$\pm$31\% times lower than conventional CT reconstruction, at a voxel size of just 75$\mathrm{\mu}$m.