Bayesian Analysis Reveals the Key to Extracting Pair Potentials from Neutron Scattering Data

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that high-precision neutron scattering data can be used with Bayesian methods to accurately recover classical pair potentials, potentially improving molecular simulations of fluids.

Contribution

It revisits the inverse problem in statistical mechanics, showing how modern neutron data and Bayesian analysis enable precise extraction of pair potentials from experimental scattering.

Findings

Neutron data with noise below 0.005 A$^{-1}$ allows accurate potential recovery.

Modern neutron instruments can achieve the required data precision.

Recovered potentials have uncertainties of approximately ±1.3 in the repulsive exponent, ±0.068 A$^{-1}$ in atomic size, and 0.024 kcal/mol in well-depth.

Abstract

The inverse problem of statistical mechanics is an unsolved, century-old challenge to learn classical pair potentials directly from experimental scattering data. This problem was extensively investigated in the 20th century but was eventually eclipsed by standard methods of benchmarking pair potentials to macroscopic thermodynamic data. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that existing force field models fail to reliably reproduce fluid structures even in simple liquids, which can result in reduced transferability and substantial misrepresentations of thermophysical behavior and self-assembly. In this study, we revisited the structure inverse problem for a classical Mie fluid to determine to what extent experimental uncertainty in neutron scattering data influences the ability to recover classical pair potentials. Bayesian uncertainty quantification was used to show that structure factors with random noise smaller than 0.005 to $\sim30$ A$^{-1}$ are required to accurately recover pair potentials from neutron scattering. Notably, modern neutron instruments can achieve this precision to extract classical force models to within approximately $\pm$ 1.3 for the repulsive exponent, $\pm$ 0.068 A$^{-1}$ for atomic size, and 0.024 kcal/mol in the potential well-depth with 95\% confidence. Our results suggest the exciting possibility of improving molecular simulation accuracy through the incorporation of neutron scattering data, advancement in structural modeling, and extraction of model-independent measurements of local atomic forces in real fluids.