Multipartite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Entanglement in Monitored Random Clifford Circuits

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation and dynamics of multipartite GHZ entanglement in monitored random Clifford circuits, revealing universal values, phase transitions, and a hierarchy of entanglement structures in many-body quantum systems.

Contribution

It uncovers the universal amount of GHZ_3 entanglement in volume-law phases and characterizes the dynamical phase transitions governing its creation and annihilation.

Findings

Approximately 1.25 GHZ_3 states can be extracted in the volume-law phase.

Dynamical phase transitions govern the sudden creation and annihilation of GHZ_3 entanglement.

GHZ_n for n≥4 is only significant at the measurement-induced critical point.

Abstract

Interactions in Many-body systems are typically short-range and few-body. We investigate how such local interactions build up long-range and intrinsically multipartite entanglement by studying the $n$-partite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger ($\text{GHZ}_n$) entanglement in monitored random Clifford circuits, which is well-known for a measurement-induced transition between phases of volume-law and area-law (bipartite) entanglement. We obtain a series of results: (1) About 1.25 $|\text{GHZ}_3\rangle$ can be extracted from states in the volume-law phase. This value is remarkably universal, independent of both the measurement rate and partitioning details, until a phase transition (either measurement-induced or a newly identified partitioning-induced transition) is approached. (2) Dynamically, The creation (sometimes also the annihilation) of $\text{GHZ}_3$ entanglement occur suddenly via dynamical phase transitions (DPTs). The critical points of these DPTs are governed by the entanglement speed ($v_E$) of biaprtite entanglement. (3) In stark contrast to $\text{GHZ}_{n\leq 3}$, $\text{GHZ}_{n\geq 4}$ entanglement is statistically significant only at the measurement-induced critical point, not in the bulk of the volume-law phase. Our results uncover a rich and previously overlooked hierarchy of multipartite entanglement structures.