RIS: Regularized Imaging Spectroscopy for STIX on-board Solar Orbiter

TL;DR

The paper introduces RIS, a regularized imaging spectroscopy method for solar X-ray data that produces smooth, stable, and reliable spatially-resolved spectra without deconvolution, enhancing analysis of solar flares.

Contribution

RIS is a novel sequential regularization technique that enforces smoothness across energy channels in imaging spectroscopy, improving stability and physical reliability of the reconstructed spectra.

Findings

RIS produces smoothly evolving X-ray maps across energies.

RIS yields numerically stable, physically reliable local spectra.

Performance is robust across different reconstruction methods.

Abstract

Imaging spectroscopy, i.e., the generation of spatially resolved count spectra and of cubes of count maps at different energies, is one of the main goals of solar hard X-ray missions based on Fourier imaging. For these telescopes, so far imaging spectroscopy has been realized via the generation of either count maps independently reconstructed at the different energy channels, or electron flux maps reconstructed via deconvolution of the bremsstrahlung cross-section. Our aim is to introduce the Regularized Imaging Spectroscopy method (RIS), in which regularization implemented in the count space imposes a smoothing constraint across contiguous energy channels, without the need to deconvolve the bremsstrahlung effect. STIX records imaging data computing visibilities in the spatial frequency domain. Our RIS is a sequential scheme in which part of the information coded in the image reconstructed at a specific energy channel is transferred to the reconstruction process at a contiguous channel via visibility interpolation based on Variably Scaled Kernels. In the case of STIX visibilities recorded during the November 11, 2022 flaring event, we show that RIS is able to generate hard X-ray maps whose morphology smoothly evolves from one energy channel to the contiguous one, and that from these maps it is possible to infer spatially-resolved count spectra characterized by notable numerical stability. We also show that the performances of this approach are robust with respect to both the image reconstruction method and the count energy channel utilized to trigger the sequential process. RIS is appropriate to construct image cubes from STIX visibilities that are characterized by a smooth behavior across count energies, thus allowing the generation of numerically stable (and, thus, physically reliable) local count spectra.