Symmetry: a fundamental resource for quantum coherence and metrology

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new approach leveraging symmetry properties of quantum states to identify and utilize quantum fluctuations as resources for enhanced metrological precision, applicable to many-body systems.

Contribution

It establishes that off-diagonal quantum fluctuations in eigenstates of an operator serve as a fundamental resource for quantum metrology, independent of state purity.

Findings

Off-diagonal fluctuations quantify quantum Fisher information.

Symmetry sectors determine the metrological usefulness of many-body states.

Deeply entangled states can be prepared using symmetry considerations.

Abstract

We introduce a new paradigm for the preparation of deeply entangled states useful for quantum metrology. We show that when the quantum state is an eigenstate of an operator $A$, observables $G$ which are completely off-diagonal with respect to $A$ have purely quantum fluctuations, as quantified by the quantum Fisher information, namely $F_Q(G)=4\langle G^2 \rangle$. This property holds regardless of the purity of the quantum state, and it implies that off-diagonal fluctuations represent a metrological resource for phase estimation. In particular, for many-body systems such as quantum spin ensembles or bosonic gases, the presence of off-diagonal long-range order (for a spin observable, or for bosonic operators) directly translates into a metrological resource, provided that the system remains in a well-defined symmetry sector. The latter is defined e.g. by one component of the collective spin or by its parity in spin systems; and by a particle-number sector for bosons. Our results establish the optimal use for metrology of arbitrarily non-Gaussian quantum correlations in a large variety of many-body systems.